Alpha helix mimetics and methods relating thereto

ABSTRACT

Alpha-helix mimetic structures and compounds represented by the formula (I) wherein the general formula and the definition of each symbol are as defined in the specification, a chemical library relating thereto, and methods relating thereto, are disclosed. Applications of these compounds in the treatment of medical conditions, e.g., cancer diseases, fibrotic diseases, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the mimetics are further disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/319,071, filed Dec. 28, 2011, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to alpha-helix mimeticstructures and to a chemical library relating thereto. The inventionalso relates to applications in the treatment of medical conditions,e.g., cancer diseases, fibrotic diseases, and pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising the mimetics.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, non-peptide compounds have been developed which more closelymimic the secondary structure of reverse-turns found in biologicallyactive proteins or peptides. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,013 toKahn and published PCT applications nos. WO94/03494, WO01/00210A1, andWO01/16135A2 to Kahn each disclose conformationally constrained,non-peptidic compounds, which mimic the three-dimensional structure ofreverse-turns. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,929,237 and itscontinuation-in-part U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,458, both to Kahn, discloseconformationally constrained compounds which mimic the secondarystructure of reverse-turn regions of biologically active peptides andproteins. In relation to reverse-turn mimetics, Kahn disclosed newconformationally constrained compounds which mimic the secondarystructure of alpha-helix regions of biologically active peptide andproteins in WO2007/056513 and WO2007/056593.

While significant advances have been made in the synthesis andidentification of conformationally constrained, reverse-turn andalpha-helix mimetics, there remains a need in the art for smallmolecules which mimic the secondary structure of peptides. There is alsoa need in the art for libraries containing such members, as well astechniques for synthesizing and screening the library members againsttargets of interest, particularly biological targets, to identifybioactive library members.

The present invention also fulfills these needs, and provides furtherrelated advantages by providing conformationally constrained compoundswhich mimic the secondary structure of alpha-helix regions ofbiologically active peptides and proteins.

Wnt signaling pathway regulates a variety of processes including cellgrowth, oncogenesis, and development (Moon et al., 1997, Trends Genet.13, 157-162; Miller et al., 1999, Oncogene 18, 7860-7872; Nusse andVarmus, 1992, Cell 69, 1073-1087; Cadigan and Nusse, 1997, Genes Dev.11, 3286-3305; Peifer and Polakis, 2000 Science 287, 1606-1609; Polakis2000, Genes Dev. 14, 1837-1851). Wnt signaling pathway has beenintensely studied in a variety of organisms. The activation ofTCF4/β-catenin mediated transcription by Wnt signal transduction hasbeen found to play a key role in its biological functions (Molenaar etal., 1996, Cell 86:391-399; Gat et al., 1998 Cell 95:605-614; Orford etal., 1999 J. Cell. Biol. 146:855-868; Bienz and Clevers, 2000, Cell103:311-20).

In the absence of Wnt signals, tumor suppressor gene adenomatouspolyposis coli (APC) simultaneously interacts with the serine kinaseglycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β and β-catenin (Su et al., 1993,Science 262, 1734-1737: Yost et al., 1996 Genes Dev. 10, 1443-1454:Hayashi et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 242-247: Sakanakaet al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 3020-3023: Sakanaka andWilliam, 1999, J. Biol. Chem 274, 14090-14093). Phosphorylation of APCby GSK-3β regulates the interaction of APC with β-catenin, which in turnmay regulate the signaling function of β-catenin (B. Rubinfeld et al.,Science 272, 1023, 1996). Wnt signaling stabilizes β-catenin allowingits translocation to the nucleus where it interacts with members of thelymphoid enhancer factor (LEF1)/T-cell factor (TCF4) family oftranscription factors (Behrens et al., 1996 Nature 382, 638-642: Hsu etal., 1998, Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 4807-4818: Roose et al., 1999 Science285, 1923-1926).

Recently c-myc, a known oncogene, was shown to be a target gene forβ-catenin/TCF4-mediated transcription (He et al., 1998 Science 2811509-1512: Kolligs et al., 1999 Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 5696-5706). Manyother important genes, including cyclin Dl, and metalloproteinase, whichare also involved in oncogenesis, have been identified to be regulatedby TCF4/β-catenin transcriptional pathway (Crawford et al., 1999,Oncogene 18, 2883-2891: Shtutman et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA., 11, 5522-5527: Tetsu and McCormick, 1999 Nature, 398, 422-426).Moreover, overexpression of several downstream mediators of Wntsignaling has been found to regulate apoptosis (Moris et al., 1996,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 7950-7954: He et al., 1999, Cell 99,335-345: Orford et al., 1999 J. Cell. Biol., 146, 855-868: Strovel andSussman, 1999, Exp. Cell. Res., 253, 637-648). Overexpression of APC inhuman colorectal cancer cells induced apoptosis (Moris et al., 1996,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 93, 7950-7954), ectopic expression ofβ-catenin inhibited apoptosis associated with loss of attachment toextracellular matrix (Orford et al., 1999, J. Cell Biol. 146, 855-868).Inhibition of TCF4/β-catenin transcription by expression ofdominant-negative mutant of TCF4 blocked Wnt-1-mediated cell survivaland rendered cells sensitive to apoptotic stimuli such as anti-canceragent (Shaoqiong Chen et al., 2001, J. Cell. Biol., 152, 1, 87-96) andAPC mutation inhibits apoptosis by allowing constitutive survivingexpression, a well-known anti-apoptotic protein (Tao Zhang et al., 2001,Cancer Research, 62, 8664-8667).

Although mutations in the Wnt gene have not been found in human cancer,a mutation in APC or β-catenin, as is the case in the majority ofcolorectal tumors, results in inappropriate activation of TCF4,overexpression of c-myc and production of neoplastic growth (Bubinfeldet al., 1997, Science, 275, 1790-1792: Morin et al., 1997, Science, 275,1787-1790: Casa et al., 1999, Cell. Growth. Differ. 10, 369-376). Thetumor suppressor gene (APC) is lost or inactivated in 85% of colorectalcancers and in a variety of other cancers as well (Kinzler andVogelstein, 1996, Cell 87, 159-170). APCs principal role is that of anegative regulator of the Wnt signal transduction cascade. A centerfeature of this pathway involves the modulation of the stability andlocalization of a cytosolic pool of β-catenin by interaction with alarge Axin-based complex that includes APC. This interaction results inphosphorylation of β-catenin thereby targeting it for degradation.

CREB binding proteins (CBP)/p300 were identified initially in proteininteraction assays, first through its association with the transcriptionfactor CREB (Chrivia et al., 1993, Nature, 365, 855-859) and laterthrough its interaction with the adenoviral-transforming protein E1A(Stein et al., 1990, J. Viol., 64, 4421-4427: Eckner et al., 1994,Genes. Dev., 8, 869-884). CBP had a potential to participate in varietyof cellular functions including transcriptional coactivator function(Shikama et al., 1997, Trends. Cell. Biol., 7, 230-236: Janknecht andHunter, 1996, Nature, 383, 22-23). CBP/p300 potentiatesβ-catenin-mediated activation of the siamois promoter, a known Wnttarget (Hecht et al., 2000, EMBO J. 19, 8, 1839-1850). β-catenininteracts directly with the CREB-binding domain of CBP and β-cateninsynergizes with CBP to stimulate the transcriptional activation ofTCF4/β-catenin (Ken-Ichi Takemaru and Randall T. Moon, 2000 J. Cell.Biol., 149, 2, 249-254).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to alpha-helix mimeticstructures and to a chemical library relating thereto. The inventionalso relates to applications in the treatment of medical conditions,e.g., cancer diseases, fibrotic diseases, and pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising the mimetics.

From the above background discussions, it is seen that TCF4/β-cateninand CBP complex of Wnt pathway can be taken as target molecules for theregulation of cell growth, oncogenesis and apoptosis of cells, etc.Accordingly, the present invention also addresses a need for compoundsthat block TCF4/β-catenin transcriptional pathway by inhibiting CBP, andtherefore can be used for treatment of cancer, especially colorectalcancer, and fibrotic diseases. In aspects thereof, the present inventionis directed to a new type of conformationally constrained compounds,which mimic the secondary structure of alpha-helix regions ofbiologically active peptides and proteins. This invention also discloseslibraries containing such compounds, as well as the synthesis andscreening thereof.

(1) A compound having the following general formula (I):

wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   E is bond, —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein        -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl; and        -   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;-   B is void or optionally substituted monocyclic ring formed together    with G and Y;-   D is void or optionally substituted spiro ring formed together with    Y;    with the proviso that-   B and D are not both present;    when B is present, then G and Y are independently carbon atom or    nitrogen atom,    when D is present, then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶—    or —C(R⁶)₂—,    when both B and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different    and each is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl, and            when E is bond, then D is void, B is optionally substituted            monocyclic ring, and G and Y are independently carbon atom            or nitrogen atom;-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;    with the proviso that    when D is void, E is bond, B is benzene, and R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    wherein W²¹ is —(CO)—, W²² is —NH—, and Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should    not be optionally substituted phenyl;    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.    (2) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   D is void, and-   B is optionally substituted 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated    or unsaturated mono cyclic ring formed together with G and Y.    (3) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   D is void, and-   B is optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7 membered saturated or    unsaturated heterocyclic ring formed together with G and Y and the    hetero atom is selected from S, N and O and the number of hetero    atoms is an integer of 1-3.    (4) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   D is void;-   B is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered saturated or    unsaturated heterocyclic ring formed together with G and Y and the    hetero atom is selected from S, N and O and the number of hetero    atoms is an integer of 1-3.    (5) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   B is void;-   D is optionally substituted spiro ring; and-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR⁶—, —C(R⁶)₂— or —O—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl, and        -   R^(6′) is optionally substituted cyclic or noncyclic lower            alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally            substituted heteroarylalkyl.            (6) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   B is void;-   D is optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkane; and-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR⁶—, —C(R⁶)₂— or —O—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl, and        -   R^(6′) is optionally substituted cyclic or noncyclic lower            alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally            substituted heteroarylalkyl.            (7) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   both B and D are void, and-   at least one of G and Y is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR⁶—, —C(R⁶)₂— or —O—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl, and        -   R^(6′) is optionally substituted cyclic or noncyclic lower            alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally            substituted heteroarylalkyl.            (8) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   both B and D are void; and-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR^(6′)—, —C(R^(6′))₂—, or —O—,    -   wherein        -   each R^(6′) is independently optionally substituted cyclic            or noncyclic lower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl,            optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl.            (9) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   both B and D are void;-   G is —NR^(6′)— or —O—,    -   wherein    -   R^(6′) is optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted aryl; and-   Y is —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl.            (10) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   both B and D are void;-   is —NR^(6′)—, or —O—,    -   wherein        -   R^(6′) is optionally substituted lower alkyl, or optionally            substituted alkenyl; and-   Y is —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein        -   R⁶ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl.            (11) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein        -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl,            optionally substituted lower alkenyl or optionally            substituted lower alkynyl, and        -   R⁸ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl.            (12) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein        -   R⁵ is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl, and        -   R⁸ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl.            (13) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein        -   R⁵ is hydrogen, or lower alkyl, and        -   R⁸ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl.            (14) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein        -   R⁵ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl,            and        -   R⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl.            (15) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen or lower alkyl, and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen or lower alkyl.        (16) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   E is —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁸ is hydrogen or lower alkyl.        (17) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),        D is void, B is optionally substituted monocyclic ring and E is        bond.        (18) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl group.    (19) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   R³ is hydrogen.    (20) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   D is void; and-   B is selected from optionally substituted cyclopropane, optionally    substituted cyclobutane, optionally substituted cyclopentane,    optionally substituted cyclohexane, optionally substituted    cycloheptane, optionally substituted pyrrolidine, optionally    substituted pyrazole, optionally substituted cyclopropene,    optionally substituted cyclobutene, optionally substituted    cyclopentene, optionally substituted cyclohexene, optionally    substituted cycloheptene, optionally substituted cyclopentadiene,    optionally substituted dihydro-pyrrole, optionally substituted    pyrrole, optionally substituted dihydro-pyrazole, optionally    substituted imidazole, optionally substituted thiophene, optionally    substituted thiazole, optionally substituted isothiazole, optionally    substituted thiadiazole, optionally substituted furan, optionally    substituted oxazole, optionally substituted isoxazole, optionally    substituted oxadiazole, optionally substituted benzene, optionally    substituted pyridine, optionally substituted pyridazine, optionally    substituted pyrimidine, optionally substituted pyrazine and    optionally substituted triazine formed together with G and Y.    (21) The compound according to any one of (1)-(4) and (11)-(20)    mentioned above, wherein, in the formula (I),-   B is present and is optionally substituted by one or more of the    chemical moieties selected from the group consisting of —R⁹, —OR⁹,    —COR⁹, —COOR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴, —NR⁹R⁴, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R⁴, —SO₃R⁹,    —NHC(NHR⁹)NR⁴, and halogen,    -   wherein    -   R⁹ and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen atom,        optionally substituted, cyclic or noncyclic alkyl, aryl,        heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl.        (22) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   B is void; and-   D is optionally substituted cycloalkane.    (23) The compound according to (22) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   B is void; and-   D is optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkane.    (24) The compound according to (22) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   B is void;-   D is optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkane.    (25) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and        -   R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or            optionally substituted heteroaryl.            (26) The compound according to (23) mentioned above,            wherein, in the formula (I),-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and        -   R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted aryl or optionally            substituted heteroaryl.            (27) The compound according to (25) mentioned above,            wherein, in the formula (I),-   R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted methyl, optionally    substituted ethyl, optionally substituted propyl, optionally    substituted isopropyl, optionally substituted isobutyl, optionally    substituted cyclohexyl, optionally substituted benzhydryl,    optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted phenyl,    optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally substituted pyrimidyl,    optionally substituted pyridazinyl, optionally substituted    pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl, optionally substituted    pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl, optionally substituted    furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally substituted    oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally substituted    naphthyl, optionally substituted tetrahydronaphthyl, optionally    substituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted isoquinolinyl,    optionally substituted quinazolinyl, optionally substituted    quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted cinnolinyl, optionally    substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally substituted benzotriazinyl,    optionally substituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally substituted    pyridopyrazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl,    optionally substituted pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted    indenyl, optionally substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substituted    benzothienyl, optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substituted    indazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally    substituted benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl,    optionally substituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted    furopyridinyl, optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally    substituted pyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted    oxazolopyridinyl, optionally substituted thiazolopyridinyl or    optionally substituted imidazopyridinyl.    (28) The compound according to (26) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally    substituted phenyl, optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally    substituted pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl,    optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl,    optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl,    optionally substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,    optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl,    optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted    tetrahydronaphthyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally    substituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl,    optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted    cinnolinyl, optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally    substituted benzotriazinyl, optionally substituted    pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrazinyl,    optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl, optionally substituted    pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl, optionally    substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substituted benzothienyl,    optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substituted indazolyl,    optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted    benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionally    substituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl,    optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substituted    pyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl,    optionally substituted thiazolopyridinyl or optionally substituted    imidazopyridinyl.    (29) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰;    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,        -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower            alkylene,        -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and        -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted            cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally            substituted heteroaryl.            (30) The compound according to (29) mentioned above,            wherein, in the formula (I),-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰;    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is —O— or —NH—,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally        substituted heteroaryl.        (31) The compound according to (29) and (30) mentioned above,        wherein, in the formula (I),-   R²⁰ is optionally substituted methyl, optionally substituted ethyl,    optionally substituted propyl, optionally substituted butyl,    optionally substituted isopropyl, optionally substituted isobutyl,    optionally substituted cyclohexyl, optionally substituted    benzhydryl, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted    phenyl, optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally substituted    pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl, optionally    substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl, optionally    substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl, optionally    substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally    substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally    substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted tetrahydronaphthyl,    optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted    isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl, optionally    substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted cinnolinyl,    optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally substituted    benzotriazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally    substituted pyridopyrazinyl, optionally substituted    pyridopyridazinyl, optionally substituted pyridotriazinyl,    optionally substituted indenyl, optionally substituted benzofuranyl,    optionally substituted benzothienyl, optionally substituted indolyl,    optionally substituted indazolyl, optionally substituted    benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl, optionally    substituted benzothiazolyl, optionally substituted    benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl, optionally    substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substituted    pyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl,    optionally substituted thiazolopyridinyl, optionally substituted    benzodioxolyl or optionally substituted imidazopyridinyl.    (32) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   R⁷ of A is —Rc-R⁷⁰,    -   wherein    -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.        (33) The compound according to (32) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰    -   wherein        -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and        -   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted aryl or optionally            substituted heteroaryl.            (34) The compound according to (32) mentioned above,            wherein, in the formula (I),-   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted methyl, optionally    substituted ethyl, optionally substituted propyl, optionally    substituted butyl, optionally substituted isopropyl, optionally    substituted isobutyl, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally    substituted phenyl, optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally    substituted pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl,    optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl,    optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl,    optionally substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,    optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl,    optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted    tetrahydronaphthyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally    substituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl,    optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted    cinnolinyl, optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally    substituted benzotriazinyl, optionally substituted    pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrazinyl,    optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl, optionally substituted    pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl, optionally    substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substituted benzothienyl,    optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substituted indazolyl,    optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted    benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionally    substituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl,    optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substituted    pyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl,    optionally substituted thiazolopyridinyl or optionally substituted    imidazopyridinyl.    (35) The compound according to (33) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally    substituted phenyl, optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally    substituted pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl,    optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl,    optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl,    optionally substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,    optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl,    optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted    tetrahydronaphthyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally    substituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl,    optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted    cinnolinyl, optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally    substituted benzotriazinyl, optionally substituted    pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrazinyl,    optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl, optionally substituted    pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl, optionally    substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substituted benzothienyl,    optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substituted indazolyl,    optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted    benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionally    substituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl,    optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substituted    pyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl,    optionally substituted thiazolopyridinyl or optionally substituted    imidazopyridinyl.    (36) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   D is void;-   B is optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7 membered saturated or    unsaturated heterocyclic ring formed together with G and Y and the    hetero atom is selected from S, N and O and the number of hetero    atoms is an integer of 1-3;-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and        -   R¹⁰ is Hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or            optionally substituted heteroaryl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,        -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower            alkylene,        -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and        -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted            cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally            substituted heteroaryl; and-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰,    -   wherein        -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and        -   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.            (37) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein,            in the formula (I),-   B is void;-   D is optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkane;-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —C(R^(6′))₂—, or —O—,    -   wherein        -   each R^(6′) is independently hydrogen, optionally            substituted cyclic or noncyclic lower alkyl, optionally            substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,            optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl;-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and        -   R¹⁰ is Hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or            optionally substituted heteroaryl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    wherein-   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,-   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,-   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and-   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted    heteroaryl; and-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰,    wherein-   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and-   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally    substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.    (38) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in the    formula (I),-   both B and D are void;-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR^(6′)—, —C(R^(6′))₂—, or —O—,    -   wherein    -   each R^(6′) is independently haydrogen, optionally substituted        cyclic or noncyclic lower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl,        optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and        -   R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or            optionally substituted heteroaryl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally        substituted heteroaryl; and-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰,    -   wherein    -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.        (39) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl, and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl;-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and R¹⁰ is hydrogen,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,        optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted        heteroaryl;-   R² is W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally        substituted heteroaryl; and-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰,    -   wherein    -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.        (40) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   D is void and E is bond;-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and

R″ is Hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedcycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheteroaryl;

-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally        substituted heteroaryl; and-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰,    -   wherein    -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R⁷⁰ is Hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.        (41) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   both B and D are void;-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR^(6′)—, —C(R⁶)₂—, or —O—,    -   wherein    -   each R^(6′) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted        cyclic or noncyclic lower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl,        optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl; and-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl, and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl.        (42) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   B is void;-   D is optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkane;-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR^(6′)—, —C(R^(6′))₂—, or —O—,    -   wherein    -   each R^(6′) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted        cyclic or noncyclic lower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl,        optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl, and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl;-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and R¹⁰ is hydrogen,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,        optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted        heteroaryl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰;    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally        substituted heteroaryl; and-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰,    -   wherein    -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R⁷⁰ is Hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.        (43) The compound according to (1) mentioned above, wherein, in        the formula (I),-   both B and D are void;-   G is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR^(6′)—, —C(R^(6′))₂—, or —O—,    -   wherein    -   each R^(6′) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted        cyclic or noncyclic lower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl,        optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O—, or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl, and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl;-   R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰,    -   wherein    -   Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene and R¹⁰ is hydrogen,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,        optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted        heteroaryl.-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally        substituted heteroaryl.-   R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰,    -   wherein    -   Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In further embodiment of formula (I), such compounds comprise a formula(Ia)

wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;        and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;-   B is optionally substituted monocyclic ring formed together with

G and Y;

-   G and Y are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom;-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; and-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl.

In further another embodiment of formula (I), such compounds comprise aformula (Ib)

wherein

-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;        and-   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;-   D is optionally substituted spiro ring,-   G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein    -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,        optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,        optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,        optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted        heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally        substituted heteroarylalkyl;-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl.

In further another embodiment of formula (I), such compounds comprise aformula (Ic)

wherein

-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein        -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl, and-   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;-   G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl;-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene,    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; and-   R³ is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.

In further another embodiment of formula (I), such compounds comprise aformula (Id)

wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   B is optionally substituted monocyclic ring;-   G is carbon atom or nitrogen atom;-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; and-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;    with the proviso that    when B is benzene, and R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰; wherein W²¹ is —(CO)—;    W²² is —NH—; Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should not be optionally    substituted phenyl.

In further another embodiment of formula (I), such compounds comprise aformula (II):

-   -   wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;

-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein    -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally        substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,        optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted        heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or        optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;

-   E is bond, —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;        and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;

-   B is void or optionally substituted monocyclic ring formed together    with G and Y;

-   D is void or optionally substituted spiro ring formed together with    Y;    with the proviso that

-   B and D are not both present,    when B is present, then G and Y are independently carbon atom or    nitrogen atom,    when D is present, then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶—    or —C(R⁶)₂—,    when both B and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different    and each is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl, and            when E is bond, then D is void, B is optionally substituted            monocyclic ring, and G and Y are independently carbon atom            or nitrogen atom;

-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;

-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—;    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene;    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene; and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;

-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;

-   R⁹¹ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support; and

-   R⁹² is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support;    with the proviso that    when D is void, E is bond, B is benzene, and R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    wherein W²¹ is —(CO)—, W²² is —NH—, and Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should    not be optionally substituted phenyl;

In further another embodiment of formula (I), such compounds comprise aformula (IIa′):

-   -   wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;

-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;

-   E is bond, —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein        -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl; and        -   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;

-   B is void or optionally substituted monocyclic ring formed together    with G and Y;

-   G and Y are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom;    with the proviso that    when E is bond, then B is optionally substituted monocyclic ring,    and G and Y are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom;

-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;

-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—;    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene;    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene; and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;

-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;

-   R⁹¹ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support; and

-   R⁹² is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support;    with the proviso that    when E is bond, B is benzene, and R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹    is —(CO)—, W²² is —NH—, and Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should not be    optionally substituted phenyl;

In further another embodiment of formula (I), such compounds comprise aformula (IIb′):

-   -   wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;

-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;

-   E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;        and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;

-   D is void or optionally substituted spiro ring formed together with    Y;    with the proviso that    when D is present, Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or    —C(R⁶)₂—, and    when D is void, then G and Y are the same or different and each is    —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl;

-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;

-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—;    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene;    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene; and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;

-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;

-   R⁹¹ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support; and

-   R⁹² is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support;    or a salt thereof.

The present invention is also directed to libraries containing one ormore compounds of formula (I) above, as well as methods for synthesizingsuch libraries and methods for screening the same to identifybiologically active compounds.

In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises thecompound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,and, if necessary, together with a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier ordiluent. Compositions containing a compound of this invention incombination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent arealso disclosed.

In another embodiment, there is a method of treating a cancerouscondition or fibrosis by administering the compound of formula (I). Thepresent invention also provides methods for preventing or treatingdisorders associated with Wnt signaling pathway. Disorders that may betreated or prevented using a compound or composition of the presentinvention include tumor or cancer (e.g., KSHV-associated tumor),fibrotic diseases, restenosis associated with angioplasty, polycystickidney disease, aberrant angiogenesis disease, tuberous sclerosiscomplex, hair loss, and Alzheimer's disease. Such methods compriseadministering to a subject in need thereof a compound or composition ofthe present invention in an amount effective to achieve the desiredoutcome.

These and other aspects of this invention will be apparent uponreference to the attached figure and following detailed description. Tothis end, various references are set forth herein, which describe inmore detail certain procedures, compounds and/or compositions, and areincorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 (including FIGS. 1-1 to 1-6) and

FIG. 2 (including FIGS. 2-1 and 2-2) provide a general synthetic schemefor preparing alpha-helix mimetics of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to alpha-helix mimeticstructures and to a chemical library relating thereto.

The present invention is also directed to conformationally constrainedcompounds that mimic the secondary structure of alpha-helix regions ofbiological peptide and proteins (also referred to herein as “alpha-helixmimetics”), and is also directed to chemical libraries relating thereto.The alpha-helix mimetic structures of the present invention are usefulas bioactive agents, including (but not limited to) use as diagnostic,prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents. The alpha-helix mimeticstructure libraries of this invention are useful in the identificationof bioactive agents having such uses. In the practice of the presentinvention, the libraries may contain from tens to hundreds to thousands(or greater) of individual alpha-helix structures (also referred toherein as “members”).

DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in the specificationand claims shall have the following meanings for the purposes of thisApplication.

“Lower”, unless indicated otherwise, means that the number of the carbonatoms constituting the given radicals is between one and six.

“Optionally substituted”, unless otherwise stated, means that a givenradical may consist of only hydrogen substituents through availablevalencies or may further comprise one or more non-hydrogen substituentsthrough available valencies. In general, a non-hydrogen substituent maybe any substituent that may be bound to an atom of the given radicalthat is specified to be substituted. Examples of substituents include,but are not limited to, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —COR⁹, —COOR⁹, —OCOR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴,—NR⁹R⁴, —NR⁴COR⁹, —NR⁴COOR⁹, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R⁴, —SO₃R⁹,—NHC(NHR⁹)NR⁴, —NHC(NH₂)NH, —OPO(OH)₂, —OPO(ONa)₂, —CN, —NO₂, halogenand methylenedioxy, wherein R⁹ and R⁴ are independently selected fromhydrogen, optionally substituted, cyclic or noncyclic, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl.

“Halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

“Halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

“Alkyl” means a linear or branched, saturated, aliphatic radical havinga chain of carbon atoms. C_(X-Y) alkyl is typically used where X and Yindicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain. The number of carbonatoms in the chain is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 6,further preferably 1 to 4. Non-exclusive examples of alkyl includemethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl,tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl,and the like. “Noncyclic alkyl” equals to “alkyl” as used here.

“Alkenyl” means a linear or branched, carbon chain that contains atleast one carbon-carbon double bond. C_(X-Y) alkenyl is typically usedwhere X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain. Thenumber of carbon atoms in the chain is preferably 2 to 10, morepreferably 2 to 6. Non-exclusive examples of alkenyl include ethenyl(vinyl), allyl, isopropenyl, 2-methylallyl, 1-pentenyl, hexenyl,heptenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, and the like.

“Alkynyl” means a linear or branched, carbon chain that contains atleast one carbon-carbon triple bond. C_(X-Y) alkynyl is typically usedwhere X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain. Thenumber of carbon atoms in the chain is preferably 2 to 10, morepreferably 2 to 6. Non-exclusive examples of alkynyl include ethynyl,propargyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 2-heptynyl and the like.

“Alkylene”, unless indicated otherwise, means a linear or branched,saturated, aliphatic, polyvalent carbon chain. C_(X-Y) alkylene istypically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in thechain. The number of carbon atoms in the chain is preferably 1 to 10,more preferably 1 to 6. Non-exclusive examples of alkylene includemethylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), methylmethylene (—CH(CH₃)—),1,2-propylene (—CH₂CH(CH₃)—), 1,3-propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), 1,2-butylene(—CH₂CH(CH₂CH₃)—), 1,3-butylene (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—), 1,4-butylene(—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), 2-methyltetramethylene (—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂—)pentamethylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), 1,2,3-propanetriyl,1,3,3-propanetriyl and the like.

“Oxy” means the radical —O—. It is noted that the oxy radical may befurther substituted with a variety of substituents to form different oxygroups including hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy and the like.

“Thio” means the radical —S—. It is noted that the thio radical may befurther substituted with a variety of substituents to form differentthio groups including mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio andthe like.

“Sulfinyl” means the radical —SO—. It is noted that the sulfinyl radicalmay be further substituted with a variety of substituents to formdifferent sulfinyl groups including alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl,heteroarylsulfinyl and the like.

“Sulfonyl” means the radical —SO₂—. It is noted that the sulfonylradical may be further substituted with a variety of substituents toform different sulfonyl groups including alkylsulfonyl, arysulfonyl,heteroarylsulfonyl and the like.

“Alkoxy” means an oxygen moiety having a further alkyl substituent.C_(X-Y) alkoxy is typically used where X and Y indicate the number ofcarbon atoms in the chain. The number of carbon atoms in the chain ispreferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 6. Non-exclusive examples ofalkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy,isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, tert-pentoxy,hexyloxy, isohexyloxy, and the like.

“Heteroatom” refers to an atom that is not a carbon atom and hydrogenatom. Particular examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited tonitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

“Aryl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic radical wherein each ring isaromatic or when fused with one or more rings forms an aromatic ring.C_(X-Y) aryl is typically used where X and Y indicate the number ofcarbon atoms in the ring assembly. The number of carbon atoms in thering is preferably 6 to 14, more preferably 6 to 10. Non-exclusiveexamples of aryl include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, biphenyl,fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenalenyl and the like. “Aryl” may partially behydrogenated. Non-exclusive examples of partially hydrogenated arylinclude tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl and the like.

“Heteroaryl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic radical whereinat least one ring atom is a heteroatom and the remaining ring atoms arecarbon. “X-Y membered heteroaryl” is typically used where X and Yindicate the number of carbon atoms and heteroatoms in the ringassembly. The number of carbon atoms and heteroatoms in the ring ispreferably 5 to 14, more preferably 5 to 10. Monocyclic heteroarylgroups include, but are not limited to, cyclic aromatic groups havingfive or six ring atoms, wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatomand the remaining ring atoms are carbon. The nitrogen atoms can beoptionally quaternerized and the sulfur atoms can be optionallyoxidized. Non-exclusive examples of monocyclic heteroaryl group of thisinvention include, but are not limited to, those derived from furan,thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole,oxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine,pyrimidine, triazine, pyrroline, thiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, triazoleand tetrazole. “Heteroaryl” also includes, but is not limited to,bicyclic or tricyclic rings, wherein the heteroaryl ring is fused to oneor two rings independently selected from the group consisting of an arylring, a cycloalkyl ring, and another monocyclic heteroaryl orheterocycloalkyl ring. Non-exclusive examples of bicyclic or tricyclicheteroaryl include, but are not limited to, those derived frombenzofuran (ex. benzo[b]furan), benzothiophene (ex. benzo[b]thiophene),benzimidazole, benzotriazine (ex. benzo[e][1,2,4]triazine,benzo[d][1,2,3]triazine), pyridopyrimidine (ex. pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine,pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine,pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine), pyridopyrazine (ex. pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine,pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine), pyridopyridazine (ex. pyrido[2,3-c]pyridazine,pyrido[3,4-c]pyridazine, pyrido[4,3-c]pyridazine,pyrido[3,2-c]pyridazine), pyridotriazine (ex.pyrido[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazine, pyrido[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine,pyrido[4,3-d][1,2,3]triazine, pyrido[3,2-d][1,2,3]triazine,pyrido[3,4-e][1,2,4]triazine, pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazine),benzothiadiazole (ex. benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole), fulopyridine (ex.furo[3,2-b]pyridine, furo[3,2-c]pyridine, furo[2,3-c]pyridine,furo[2,3-b]pyridine), oxazolopyridine (ex. oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine,oxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine),thiazolopyridine (ex. thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, thiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine,thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine), imidazopyridine (ex.imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine),quinazoline, thienopyridine (ex. thieno[2,3-c]pyridine,thieno[3,2-b]pyridine, thieno[2,3-b]pyridine), indolizine, quinoline,isoquinoline, phthalazine, quinoxaline, cinnoline, naphthyridine,quinolizine, indole, isoindole, indazole, indoline, benzoxazole,benzopyrazole, benzothiazole, pyrazolopyridine (ex.pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine), imidazopyrimidine (ex.imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine, imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine,imidazo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, imidazo[1,5-c]pyrimidine), pyrrolopyridine(ex. pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine,pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine), pyrrolopyrimidine (ex.pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine,pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidine, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine), pyrrolopyrazine(ex. pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine), pyrrolopyridazine(ex. pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazine), triazopyridine (ex.triazo[1,5-a]pyridine), pteridine, purine, carbazole, acridine,permidine, 1,10-phenanthroline, phenoxathiin, phenoxazine,phenothiazine, phenazine, benzodioxole, benzodioxolane and the like. Thebicyclic or tricyclic heteroaryl rings can be attached to the parentmolecule through either the heteroaryl group itself or the aryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl group to which it is fused.

“Cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic, saturated or partially unsaturated,monocyclic, fused bicyclic or bridged polycyclic ring radical. C_(X-Y)cycloalkyl is typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbonatoms in the ring assembly. The number of carbon atoms in the ring ispreferably 3 to 10, more preferably 3 to 8. Non-exclusive examples ofcycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cyclohexenyl, 2,5-cyclohexadienyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantan-1-yl,decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl, and the like. “Cyclic alkyl”equals to “cycloalkyl” as used here.

“Heterocycloalkyl” means cycloalkyl, as defined in this Application,provided that one or more of the atoms forming the ring is a heteroatomselected, independently from N, O, and S. C_(X-Y) heterocycloalkyl istypically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms andheteroatoms in the ring assembly. The number of carbon atoms andheteroatoms in the ring is preferably 3 to 10, more preferably 3 to 8.Non-exclusive examples of heterocycloalkyl include piperidyl,4-morpholyl, 4-piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, perhydropyrrolizinyl,1,4-diazaperhydroepinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrazolyl and thelike.

Moreover, the above-mentioned definitions can apply to groups whereinthe above-mentioned substituents are connected. For example, “arylalkyl”means linear or branched alkyl group which is substituted by one or morearyl groups, such as benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl,3-phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylmethyl, benzhydryl,2,2-diphenylethyl, trityl and the like.

“Monocyclic ring” as used herein refers to a monocyclic, saturated orunsaturated carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic, saturated or unsaturatedheterocyclic ring. “X- (to, or) Y-membered monocyclic ring” is typicallyused where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms and heteroatomsin the ring assembly. The number of carbon atoms and heteroatoms in thering is preferably 4 to 7, more preferably 5 or 6. “Monocyclicheterocyclic ring” means a monocyclic, aromatic or nonaromatic ringwherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom (preferably S, N or O)and the remaining ring atoms are carbon. The nitrogen atoms can beoptionally quaternerized and the sulfur atoms can be optionallyoxidized.

Non-exclusive examples of monocyclic saturated carbocyclic ring includecyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane andthe like.

Non-exclusive examples of monocyclic unsaturated carbocyclic ringinclude cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene,cycloheptene, cyclopentadiene, benzene, and the like.

Non-exclusive examples of monocyclic saturated heterocyclic ring includepyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, piperazine, 1,3-dioxane,1,4-dioxane and the like.

Non-exclusive examples of monocyclic unsaturated heterocyclic ringinclude pyrazole, dihydro-pyrrole, pyrrole, dihydro-pyrazole, imidazole,thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, thiadiazole, furan, oxazole,isoxazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine,triazine and the like.

“Spiro ring” as used herein refers to saturated or unsaturatedcycloalkane or saturated or unsaturated heterocycloalkane.

“Cycloalkane” means a non-aromatic, saturated or partially unsaturated,monocyclic, fused bicyclic or bridged polycyclic ring. C_(X-Y)cycloalkane is typically used where X and Y indicate the number ofcarbon atoms in the ring assembly. The number of carbon atoms in thering is preferably 3 to 10, more preferably 3 to 8. Non-exclusiveexamples of cycloalkane include cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane,cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane and the like.

“Heterocycloalkane” means cycloalkane, as defined in this Application,provided that one or more of the atoms forming the ring is a heteroatomselected, independently from N, O, and S. C_(X-Y) heterocycloalkane istypically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms andheteroatoms in the ring assembly. The number of carbon atoms andheteroatoms in the ring is preferably 3 to 10, more preferably 3 to 8.Non-exclusive examples of heterocycloalkane include piperidine,morpholine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, perhydropyrrolizine,tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane and the like.

“Fused ring” as used herein refers to a ring that is bonded to anotherring to form a compound having a bicyclic structure when the ring atomsthat are common to both rings are directly bound to each other.Non-exclusive examples of fused rings include decalin, naphthalene,anthracene, phenanthrene, indole, furan, benzofuran, quinoline, and thelike. Compounds having fused ring systems may be saturated, partiallysaturated or aromatic.

“Bridging ring” as used herein refers to a ring that is bonded toanother ring to form a compound having a bicyclic structure where tworing atoms that are common to both rings are not directly bound to eachother. Non-exclusive examples of common compounds having a bridging ringinclude adamantine, borneol, norbornane, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, andthe like.

“Protected derivatives” means derivatives of compound in which areactive site or sites are blocked with protecting groups. Acomprehensive list of suitable protecting groups can be found in T.W.Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley& Sons, Inc. 1999.

“Isomers” mean any compound having an identical molecular formulae butdiffering in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in thearrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in thearrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.”Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed“diastereomers” and stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirrorimages are termed “enantiomers” or sometimes “optical isomers.” A carbonatom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a “chiralcenter.” A compound with one chiral center has two enantiomeric forms ofopposite chirality. A mixture of the two enantiomeric forms is termed a“racemic mixture.” A compound that has more than one chiral center has2′¹ enantiomeric pairs, where n is the number of chiral centers.Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist as either anindividual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed a“diastereomeric mixture.” When one chiral center is present, astereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration of thatchiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in spaceof the substituents attached to the chiral center. Enantiomers arecharacterized by the absolute configuration of their chiral centers anddescribed by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog.Conventions for stereochemical nomenclature, methods for thedetermination of stereochemistry and the separation of stereoisomers arewell known in the art (e.g., see “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 4thedition, March, Jerry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992).

“Animal” includes humans, non-human mammals (e.g., mice, rats, dogs,cats, rabbits, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, deer, and the like)and non-mammals (e.g., birds, and the like).

“Disease” specifically includes any unhealthy condition of an animal orpart thereof and includes an unhealthy condition that may be caused by,or incident to, medical or veterinary therapy applied to that animal,i.e., the “side effects” of such therapy.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing apharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neitherbiologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which isacceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt of compounds of thepresent invention which are pharmaceutically acceptable, as definedabove, and which possess the desired pharmacological activity. Suchsalts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such ashydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid, and the like; or with organic acids such as aceticacid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid,cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid,malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, o-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoicacid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonicacid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid,benzenesulfonic acid, p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid,2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonicacid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonicacid, 4,4′-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid),3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid,lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoicacid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid and the like.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt also include base addition salts whichmay be formed when acidic protons present are capable of reacting withinorganic or organic bases. Acceptable inorganic bases include sodiumhydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide andcalcium hydroxide. Acceptable organic bases include ethanolamine,diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine and thelike.

“Amount effective to treat” means that amount which, when administeredto an animal for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect suchtreatment for the disease.

“Amount effective to prevent” means that amount which, when administeredto an animal for preventing a disease, is sufficient to effect suchprophylaxis for the disease.

“Effective amount” equals to “amount effective to treat” and “amounteffective to prevent”.

“Treatment” or “treat” means any administration of a compound of thepresent invention and includes:

(1) preventing the disease from occurring in an animal which may bepredisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display thepathology or symptomatology of the disease,

(2) inhibiting the disease in an animal that is experiencing ordisplaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease (i.e.,arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology),or

(3) ameliorating the disease in an animal that is experiencing ordisplaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease (i.e.,reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology).

It is noted in regard to all of the definitions provided herein that thedefinitions should be interpreted as being open ended in the sense thatfurther substituents beyond those specified may be included.

Alpha-Helix Mimetic

In one aspect of the present invention, an alpha-helix mimetic structureis disclosed having the following formula (I):

wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   E is bond, —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;        and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;        B is void or optionally substituted monocyclic ring formed        together with G and Y,        D is void or optionally substituted spiro ring formed together        with Y,        with the proviso that-   B and D are not both present,    when B is present, then G and Y are independently carbon atom or    nitrogen atom,    when D is present, then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶—    or —C(R⁶)₂—,    when both B and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different    and each is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—    -   wherein    -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,        optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,        optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,        optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted        heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally        substituted heteroarylalkyl; and        when E is bond, then D is void, B is optionally substituted        monocyclic ring, and G and Y are independently carbon atom or        nitrogen atom;-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—;    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene;    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; and-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;    with the proviso that    when D is void, E is bond, B is benzene, and R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    wherein W²¹ is —(CO)—, W²² is —NH—, and Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should    not be optionally substituted phenyl;    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (I), A is —CHR⁷—, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl oroptionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl.

Examples of optionally substituted alkyl group include methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, aminomethyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl,aminobutyl, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, carboxypropyl, carboxybutyl,carbamoylmethyl, carbamoylethyl, carbamoylpropyl, carbamoylbutyl,methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl,methylthiomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylthiopropyl, methylthiobutyl,hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl,ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, benzyloxymethyl,benzyloxyethyl, benzyloxypropyl, benzyloxybutyl and the like.

Examples of alkenyl group include ethenyl, allyl, 1-propenyl,2-methylallyl and the like.

Examples of alkynyl group include ethynyl, 1-propynyl and the like.

Examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group include biphenyl, phenyl,pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,naphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl, indenyl, pyridopyrimidinyl,pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl, benzofuryl,benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,pyrropyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyland the like.

Examples of cycloalkyl and optionally substituted heterocycloalkylinclude cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,adamantyl and the like.

In another embodiment of formula (I), A is —CHR⁷—, wherein R⁷ is -Rc-R⁷⁰wherein Rc is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and R⁷⁰ ishydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl oroptionally substituted heterocycloalkyl.

Examples of lower alkylene group include methylene, ethylene,methylmethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene,1,3-butylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,2,3-propanetriyl, 1,3,3-propanetriyl andthe like.

Examples of optionally substituted alkyl group include methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, aminomethyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl,aminobutyl, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, carboxypropyl, carboxybutyl,carbamoylmethyl, carbamoylethyl, carbamoylpropyl, carbamoylbutyl,methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl,methylthiomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylthiopropyl, methylthiobutyl,hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl,ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, benzyloxymethyl,benzyloxyethyl, benzyloxypropyl, benzyloxybutyl and the like.

Examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group include biphenyl, phenyl,pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,naphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl, indenyl, pyridopyrimidinyl,pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl, benzofuranyl,benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,pyrropyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyland the like.

Examples of cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group includecyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyland the like.

In a particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments R⁷⁰ is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheteroaryl.

Examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group include biphenyl, phenyl,pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,naphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl, indenyl, pyridopyrimidinyl,pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl, benzofuranyl,benzothiopenyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,pyrrolopyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyland the like.

Preferred examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group include phenyl,pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, naphthyl and thelike.

Most preferred example of aryl group include phenyl and the like.

Examples of substituents for R⁷ include —R⁹, —OH, —OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹,—OC(O)OR⁹, —COOH, —COR⁹, —COOR⁹, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴, —NH₂, —NHR⁹,—NR⁹R⁴, —SH, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NHR⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R⁴—SO₃H, —SOR⁹,—NHC(NH₂) (═NH), —NHC(NHR⁹) (═NR⁴), —OP(═O)(OH)₂, —OP(═O) (ONa)₂,—OP(═O) (OR⁹)₂, —OP(═O) (OR⁹)(OH), —OP(═O) (OH)—O—P(═O)(OH)₂,—OP(═O)(ONa)—O—OP(═O)(ONa)₂, —CN, —NO₂ and halogen, wherein R⁹ and R⁴ isindependently selected from linear or branched chain, cyclic ornoncyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, alkyl chain, aryl and arylalkylmoieties.

Preferred examples of the substituents include —OH, —COOH, —OC(O)R⁹,—OC(O)OR⁹, —NH₂, —SH, —SO₃H, —SOR⁹, —OP(═O)(OH)₂, —OP(═O)(OR⁹)₂,—OP(═O)(OR⁹)(OH), —OP(═O)(ONa)₂, —OP(═O)(OH)—O—P(═O)(OH)₂,—OP(═O)(ONa)—O—OP(═O)(ONa)₂, and halogen.

Most preferred examples of the substituents include —OH, —OR⁹, —COOH,—OC(O)R⁹, —COOR⁹, —NH₂, —NHR⁹, —NR⁹R⁴, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴,—OP(═O) (OH)₂, —OP(═O) (ONa)₂, and halogen.

In a particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments R⁷ is phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,1-naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylmethyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-benzyloxybenzyl,imidazolyl-5-methyl, methyl, n-butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl,hydroxymethyl, 4-aminobutyl, carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl,carbamoylmethyl, 2-carbamoylethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl,2-ethoxycarbonylethyl, benzyloxymethyl and the like.

In one embodiment of formula (I), E is bond, —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl; and R⁸is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl.

In another embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentioned embodimentsR⁵ is lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl or lower arylalkyl, andR⁸ is alkyl, alkynyl or arylalkyl.

Examples of lower alkyl group for R⁵ include methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and the like.

Examples of lower alkenyl group for R⁵ include ethenyl, allyl,1-propenyl, 2-methylallyl and the like.

Examples of lower alkynyl group for R⁵ include ethynyl, 1-propynyl andthe like.

In another embodiment of formula (I), R⁵ is arylalkyl or heteroarylalkylrepresented by -Rd-R⁵⁰ wherein Rd is optionally substituted loweralkylene, and R⁵⁰ is optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heteroaryl.

Examples of lower alkylene group for Rd include methylene, ethylene,methylmethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene,1,3-butylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,2,3-propanetriyl, 1,3,3-propanetriyl andthe like.

Examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group include biphenyl, phenyl,pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,naphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl, indenyl, pyridopyrimidinyl,pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl, benzofuranyl,benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,pyrropyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyland the like.

Examples of alkyl group for R⁸ include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and the like.

Examples of alkenyl group for R⁸ include ethenyl, allyl, 1-propenyl,2-methylallyl and the like.

Examples of alkynyl group for R⁸ include ethynyl, 1-propynyl and thelike.

In a particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments E is —CH₂—, —O— or —N(CH₃)—.

In another embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentioned embodimentsE is bond with the proviso that when E is bond, then D is void, B isoptionally substituted monocyclic ring, and G and Y are independentlycarbon atom or nitrogen atom.

In one embodiment of formula (I), B is void or optionally substitutedmonocyclic ring formed together with G and Y; when B is present, then Dis void, and G and Y are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom.

B is preferably optionally substituted 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7 memberedsaturated or unsaturated monocyclic ring and more preferably optionallysubstituted 5- or 6-membered saturated or unsaturated monocyclic ringformed together with G and Y.

When B is heterocyclic ring formed together with G and Y, the preferablehetero atom is selected from S, N, and O and the number of hetero atomsis preferably an integer of 1-3.

Examples of monocyclic ring group include cyclopropane, cyclobutane,cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, pyrrolidine, pyrazole,cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene,cyclopentadiene, dihydro-pyrrole, pyrrole, pyrrolidine,dihydro-pyrazole, pyrazole, imidazole, thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole,thiadiazole, furan, oxazole, isooxazole, oxadiazole, benzene, pyridine,pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine and the like.

In a particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments Q¹ designates a structural sector of the compound;

wherein Q¹ is selected from one of the following group:

and the like.

In one embodiment of formula (I), D is void or optionally substitutedspiro ring formed together with Y; when D is present, then B is void,and Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, whereineach R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl. Specific embodiments for R⁶ are explainedin detail below.

B and D are not both present.

Examples of spiro ring group include cyclopropane, cyclobutane,cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran,tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, tetrahydropyran,tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, azepane, cyclopentene and the like.

In another embodiment of formula (I), D is optionally substitutedcycloalkane, preferably optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkane.

In a particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments Q² designates a structural sector of the compound;

wherein spiro ring of Q² is selected from one of the following group:

and the like.

The substituents of B or D are one or more of the chemical moietiesselected from the group consisting of —R⁹, —OR⁹, —COR⁹, —COOR⁹, —OCOR⁹,—CONR⁹R⁴, —NR⁹R⁴, —NR⁴COR⁹, —NR⁴COOR⁹, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R⁴, —SO₃R⁹,—NHC(NHR⁹)NR⁴, halogen and methylenedioxy, wherein R⁹ and R⁴ areindependently selected from hydrogen atom, optionally substituted,cyclic or noncyclic, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl andheteroarylalkyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), when both B and D are void, G and Yare the same or different and each is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,wherein each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl.

Examples of alkyl group for R⁶ include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and the like.

Examples of alkenyl group for R⁶ include ethenyl, allyl, 1-propenyl,2-methylallyl and the like.

Examples of alkynyl group for R⁶ include ethynyl, 1-propynyl and thelike.

In another embodiment of formula (I), R⁶ is aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl representedby —Re—R⁶⁰ wherein Re is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene,and R⁶⁰ is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl.

Examples of lower alkylene group for Re include methylene, ethylene,methylmethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene,1,3-butylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,2,3-propanetriyl, 1,3,3-propanetriyl andthe like.

Examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group for R⁶⁰ include biphenyl,phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,naphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl, indenyl, pyridopyrimidinyl,pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl, benzofuranyl,benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,pyrropyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyland the like.

Examples of cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group includecyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyland the like.

In another embodiment of formula (I), at least one of G and Y is—NR^(6′)—, —CHR^(6′)— or —C(R^(6′))₂—, wherein each R^(6′) isindependently hydrogen, optionally substituted cyclic or noncyclic loweralkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substitutedheteroarylalkyl.

In a particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments R⁶ or R^(6′) is hydrogen, lower alkyl (ex. methyl) or loweralkenyl (ex. allyl).

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl,optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substitutedheteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkylalkyl.

Examples of optionally substituted alkyl group include methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, aminomethyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl,aminobutyl, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, carboxypropyl, carboxybutyl,carbamoylmethyl, carbamoylethyl, carbamoylpropyl, carbamoylbutyl,methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl,methylthiomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylthiopropyl, methylthiobutyl,hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl,ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, benzyloxymethyl,benzyloxyethyl, benzyloxypropyl, benzyloxybutyl, 3,3-diphenylpropyl andthe like.

Examples of alkenyl group include ethenyl, allyl, 1-propenyl,2-methylallyl and the like.

Examples of alkynyl group include ethynyl, 1-propynyl and the like.

In another embodiment of formula (I), R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰, wherein Ra isoptionally substituted lower alkylene and R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionallysubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heteroaryl.

Examples of optionally substituted alkyl group include methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, aminomethyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl,aminobutyl, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, carboxypropyl, carboxybutyl,carbamoylmethyl, carbamoylethyl, carbamoylpropyl, carbamoylbutyl,methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl,methylthiomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylthiopropyl, methylthiobutyl,hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl,ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, benzyloxymethyl,benzyloxyethyl, benzyloxypropyl, benzyloxybutyl, 3,3-diphenylpropyl andthe like.

Examples of lower alkylene group include methylene, ethylene,methylmethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene,1,3-butylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,2,3-propanetriyl, 1,3,3-propanetriyl andthe like.

Examples of cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group includecyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyland the like.

Examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group include biphenyl, phenyl,pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, naphthyl,tetrahydronaphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl,pyridopyrimidinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl,indenyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl,thienopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl,imidazopyridinyl and the like.

Preferred examples of lower alkylene group include methylene, ethylene,1,3-propylene and the like.

Preferred examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group include bicyclicfused aryl group and bicyclic fused heteroaryl group such as naphthyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, cinnolinyl,naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl, indenyl, pyridopyrimidinyl,pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl, benzofuryl,benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,pyrropyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyland the like.

Examples of substituents for R¹ include —R⁹, —OR⁹, —COR⁹, —COOR⁹,—OCOR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴, —NR⁹R⁴, —NR⁴COR⁹, —NR⁴COOR⁹, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, SO₂NR⁹R⁴,—SO₃R⁹, —NHC(NHR⁹)NR⁴, —NHC(NH₂)NH, —OPO(OH)₂, —OPO(ONa)₂, —CN, —NO₂,halogen and methylenedioxy, wherein R⁹ and R⁴ are independently selectedfrom hydrogen atom, optionally substituted, cyclic or noncyclic, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroaryl.

Preferred examples of the substituents include —NH₂, —OH, —OR⁹, —COOH,—COOR⁹, —NR⁴COR⁹, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴, —NHR⁹, —NR⁹R⁴ and halogen.

More preferred examples of the substituents include —NH₂, —OH, —COOH,—COOR⁹, —NR⁴COR⁹, —CONH₂ and halogen.

In a particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments R¹ is isopentyl, benzyl, 2,4-difluorobenzyl,4-hydroxybenzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl,3,3-diphenylpropyl, pyridyl-4-methyl, pyridyl-2-methyl,thienyl-2-methyl, thienyl-3-methyl, imidazolyl-5-methyl,1-naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylmethyl, 4-quinolinylmethyl,8-quinolinylmethyl, 1,5-chloroquinolin-8-ylmethyl,5-isoquinolynylmethyl, 8-isoquinolynylmethyl,5-chloroisoquinolin-8-ylmethyl, indazolyl-7-ylmethyl,benzothiazol-4-ylmethyl, benzothiazol-7-ylmethyl,7-fluorobenzothiazol-4-ylmethyl, 4-fluorobenzothiazol-7-ylmethyl,2-aminobenzothiazol-4-ylmethyl, 2-aminobenzothiazol-7-ylmethyl,2-amino-7-fluorobenzothiazol-4-ylmethyl,2-amino-4-fluorobenzothiazol-7-ylmethyl,2-tert-butoxycarbonylaminobenzothiazol-4-ylmethyl,benzoxazol-4-ylmethyl, benzoxazol-7-ylmethyl,7-fluorobenzoxazol-4-ylmethyl, 4-fluorobenzoxazol-7-ylmethyl,2-aminobenzoxazol-4-ylmethyl, 2-aminobenzoxazol-7-ylmethyl,2-amino-7-fluorobenzoxazol-4-ylmethyl,2-amino-4-fluorobenzoxazol-7-ylmethyl, benzothiophen-3-ylmethyl,7-fluorobenzothiophen-3-ylmethyl, benzothiophen-4-ylmethyl,benzothiophen-7-ylmethyl, 7-fluorobenzothiophen-4-ylmethyl,4-fluorobenzothiophen-7-ylmethyl, benzothiadiazol-4-ylmethyl,benzofuran-3-ylmethyl, 7-fluorobenzofuran-3-ylmethyl,benzofuran-4-ylmethyl, benzofuran-7-ylmethyl,7-fuorobenzofuran-4-ylmethyl or 4-fluorobenzofuran-7-ylmethyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is—(CO)— or —(SO₂)—; W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substitutedlower alkylene; Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene; and R²⁰is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl.

Examples of lower alkylene group for W²² include methylene, ethylene,propylene, butylene and the like.

Examples of lower alkylene group for Rb include methylene, ethylene,methylmethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene,1,3-butylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,2,3-propanetriyl, 1,3,3-propanetriyl andthe like.

Examples of optionally substituted alkyl group for R²⁰ include methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl,pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, aminomethyl, aminoethyl,aminopropyl, aminobutyl, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, carboxypropyl,carboxybutyl, carbamoylmethyl, carbamoylethyl, carbamoylpropyl,carbamoylbutyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl,methoxybutyl, methylthiomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylthiopropyl,methylthiobutyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl,hydroxybutyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl,benzyloxymethyl, benzyloxyethyl, benzyloxypropyl, benzyloxybutyl,3,3-diphenylpropyl and the like.

Examples of alkenyl group for R²⁰ include ethenyl, allyl, 1-propenyl,2-methylallyl and the like.

Examples of alkynyl group for R²⁰ include ethynyl, 1-propynyl and thelike.

Examples of aryl group and heteroaryl group for R²⁰ include biphenyl,phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl,thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,naphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzotriazinyl, indenyl, pyridopyrimidinyl,pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, pyridotriazinyl, benzofuranyl,benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl,pyrrolopyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl,benzodioxolyl and the like.

Examples of cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group includecyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyland the like.

In a further embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—; W²²is bond, —O—, —NH—, methylene, ethylene, propylene or butylene; Rb isbond, methylene, ethylene, methylmethylene, 1,2-propylene,1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,3-butylene, 1,4-butylene,1,2,3-propanetriyl or 1,3,3-propanetriyl; and R²⁰ is methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, aminomethyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl,aminobutyl, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, carboxypropyl, carboxybutyl,carbamoylmethyl, carbamoylethyl, carbamoylpropyl, carbamoylbutyl,methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl,methylthiomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylthiopropyl, methylthiobutyl,hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl,ethoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylethyl, benzyloxymethyl,benzyloxyethyl, benzyloxypropyl, benzyloxybutyl, 3,3-diphenylpropyl,ethenyl, ethynyl, allyl, 1-propynyl, 2-methylallyl, 1-propynyl,optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted cyclobutyl,optionally substituted cyclopentyl, optionally substituted cyclohexyl,optionally substituted cycloheptyl, optionally substituted adamantyl,optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted phenyl,optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally substituted pyrimidyl,optionally substituted pyridazinyl, optionally substituted pyrazinyl,optionally substituted triazinyl, optionally substituted pyrrolyl,optionally substituted thienyl, optionally substituted furanyl,optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally substituted oxazolyl,optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally substituted naphthyl,optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted isoquinolinyl,optionally substituted quinazolinyl, optionally substitutedquinoxalinyl, optionally substituted cinnolinyl, optionally substitutednaphthyridinyl, optionally substituted benzotriazinyl, optionallysubstituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrazinyl,optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl, optionally substitutedpyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted benzofuranyl, optionallysubstituted benzothiopenyl, optionally substituted indolyl, optionallysubstituted indenyl, optionally substituted benzooxazolyl, optionallysubstituted benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl,optionally substituted furopyridinyl, optionally substitutedthienopyridinyl, optionally substituted pyrropyridinyl, optionallysubstituted oxazolopyridinyl, optionally substituted thiazolopyridinyl,optionally substituted imidazopyridinyl, optionally substitutedbenzodioxolyl and the like.

In particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentioned—W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, mentioned embodiments R² wherein W²¹ is —(CO)—; W²² is—NH—; Rb is bond, methylene or ethylene; and R²⁰ is optionallysubstituted biphenyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionallysubstituted pyridyl, optionally substituted pyrimidyl, optionallysubstituted pyridazinyl, optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionallysubstituted triazinyl, optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionallysubstituted thienyl, optionally substituted furanyl, optionallysubstituted thiazolyl, optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionallysubstituted imidazolyl, optionally substituted naphthyl or optionallysubstituted benzodioxolyl.

Examples of substituents for R²⁰ include, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —COR⁹, —COOR⁹,—OCOR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴, —NR⁹R⁴, —NR⁴COR⁹, —NR⁴COOR⁹, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, SO₂NR⁹R⁴,—SO₃R⁹, —NHC(NHR⁹)NR⁴, —NHC(NH₂)NH, —OPO(OH)₂, —OPO(ONa)₂, —CN, —NO₂,halogen and methylenedioxy, wherein R⁹ and R⁴ are independently selectedfrom hydrogen atom, optionally substituted, cyclic or noncyclic, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroaryl.

Preferred examples of the substituents include —R⁹, —NH₂, —OH, —OR⁹,—COOH, —COOR⁹, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴, —NHR⁹, —NR⁹R⁴, halogen andmethylenedioxy.

More preferred examples of the substituents include —R⁹, —NH₂, —OH,—COOH, —COOR⁹, —CONH₂, halogen and methylenedioxy.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R³ is hydrogen, optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or, optionally substitutedalkynyl.

Preferable examples of alkyl group include C₁₋₄ alkyl group such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyland the like.

Examples of alkenyl group include ethenyl, allyl, 2-methylallyl and thelike.

Examples of alkynyl group include 1-propynyl, ethynyl and the like.

R³ is preferably hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl, more preferablymethyl or ethyl.

In particular embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments R³ is hydrogen or methyl.

In a further embodiment of formula (I), in the above-mentionedembodiments R⁷ is 4-hydroxy-benzyl; and R² represents —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,wherein W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—; W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionallysubstituted lower alkylene; Rb is bond or optionally substitutedalkylene; and R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl.

In order to avoid an accidental anticipation, the following proviso isadded to the formula (I);

when D is void, E is bond, B is benzene, R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, whereinW²¹ is —(CO)—, and Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should is W²² is —NH—, not beoptionally substituted phenyl.

The general syntheses of the compounds in this invention are illustratedin FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, wherein Compound Ia′ indicates formulas (Ia) and(Id), Compound Ib′ indicates formulas (Ib) and (Ic).

The general synthesis of the compounds in this invention, represented bythe formula (Ia) wherein B is present and D is void and formula (Id)wherein B is present and E is void, may be synthesized by the techniqueillustrated in FIG. 1.

The compounds in this invention, represented by the formula (Ib) and(Ic) wherein D is present or void and B is void can also be synthesizedby the similar method illustrated in FIG. 2.

The general synthesis of the compounds in this invention, represented bythe formula (IIa′) wherein B is sent and D is void and may besynthesized by the technique illustrated in FIG. 1.

The compounds in this invention, represented by the formula (IIb′)wherein D is present or void and B is void can also be synthesized bythe similar method illustrated in FIG. 2.

R (including R⁹¹ and R⁹² in the formula (IIa′) and (IIb′)) illustratedin FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 is a protective group suitable for use insynthesis, where this protection group may be joined to a polymericsupport to enable solid-phase synthesis.

Suitable R groups include alkyl groups and, in a preferred embodiment, Ris a methyl or ethyl group.

LG illustrated in FIG. 1 is a leaving group, e.g., a halogen (Hal)group, methanesulfonyloxy, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy,toluenesufonyloxy and the like.

P¹ and P³ illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are a carboxylic acidprotection group. P² and P⁵ illustrated in FIG. 1 are an aminoprotection group. P⁴ illustrated in FIG. 1 is a hydroxyl protectiongroup. Preferred protection groups include methyl, ethyl, benzyl,9H-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), methyloxycarbonyl(MOC), and allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc). For an amino protective group, alsopreferred is phthalimide formed together with an amino group to beprotected.

Compound IV may be readily synthesized by reductive amination of H₂N—R¹with CH(OR)₂—CR³O, by reductive amination of R^(1′)—CHO (whenR¹═CH₂R^(1′)) with CH(OR)₂—CHR³NH₂, by a displacement reaction betweenH₂N—R¹ and CH(OR)₂—CHR³-LG or by a displacement reaction between LG-R¹and CH(OR)₂—CHR³—NH₂.

N-Protected amino acids are commercially available; for example, Fmocamino acids are available from a variety of sources. In the case of theazido derivative of an amino acid serving as the Compound XV, suchcompounds may be prepared from the corresponding amino acid by thereaction disclosed by Zaloom et al. (J. Org. Chem. 46:5173-76, 1981).

A Compound VI of this invention may have the indicated structure whereinG, E, B, and R² are as defined above. Other suitable Compounds XI arecommercially available from a variety of sources or can be prepared bymethods well known in organic chemistry.

Compound X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXIV, XXIX, XXX, XXXIII,XXXIV, XXXV, XXXIV, XXXVII, XL, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLV, XLVI and XLVII arecommercially available from a variety of sources or can be prepared bymethods well known in organic chemistry.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the alpha-helix mimetic compounds of formula(Ia′) may be synthesized by reacting a Compound IV with a Compound XXIto yield a combined Compound XV, followed by treating the combinedCompound XV with piperidine to provide Compound VI, reacting theCompound VI with Compound V sequentially to provide a combined CompoundIIa′, and then cyclizing this intermediate to yield an alpha-helixmimetic structure of formula (Ia′). Or, the alpha-helix mimeticcompounds of formula (Ia′) may be synthesized by reacting a Compound Vwith a Compound XVIII to yield a combined Compound IX, followed bytreating the Compound IX with lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide orpotassium hydroxide to provide Compound III. As illustrated in FIG. 1,the Compound III reacts with Compound IV sequentially to provide acombined Compound IIa′, followed by cyclizing this intermediate to yieldan alpha-helix mimetic structure of formula (Ia′).

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the alpha-helix mimetic compounds of formula(Ib′) may be synthesized by the methods similar to those in FIG. 1.

A compound having the following general formula (II) is a novelintermediate compound for preparing the compound of the formula (I).

wherein

-   is single bond or double bond;-   A is —CHR⁷—,    -   wherein        -   R⁷ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally            substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,            optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted            heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally            substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted            arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,            optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally            substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   E is bond, —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,    -   wherein    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,        and    -   R⁸ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;-   B is void or optionally substituted monocyclic ring formed together    with G and Y;-   D is void or optionally substituted spiro ring formed together with    Y;    with the proviso that-   B and D are not both present,    when B is present, then G and Y are independently carbon atom or    nitrogen atom,    when D is present, then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶—    or —C(R⁶)₂—,    when both B and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different    and each is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—,    -   wherein        -   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted            alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally            substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally            substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,            optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally            substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted            heteroarylalkyl, and            when E is bond, then D is void, B is optionally substituted            monocyclic ring, and G and Y are independently carbon atom            or nitrogen atom;-   R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,    optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl,    optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted    cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl;-   R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    -   wherein    -   W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—,    -   W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene,    -   Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and    -   R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;-   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted    alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;-   R⁹¹ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support; and-   R⁹² is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solid    support;    with the proviso that    when D is void, E is bond, B is benzene, and R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,    wherein W²¹ is —(CO)—, W²² is —NH—, and Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should    not be optionally substituted phenyl.

Examples and preferable embodiments of A, E, D, B, G, Y, R¹, R², and R³in the formula (II) are the same as those for the formula (I).

Examples of optionally substituted alkyl for R⁹¹ and R⁹² include thoseas defined for R⁷ and the like.

Examples of linker and solid support for R⁹¹ and R⁹² include those forpreparing the libraries as explained below.

The cyclization reaction of Compound II for preparing Compound (I) isexplained in detail in the following.

This cyclization reaction can be carried out by reacting the Compound IIwith an acid.

The order of addition of the reagents is not particularly limited, and,for example, an acid may be added to Compound II or vice versa.

The acid to be used in the cyclization reaction is not particularlylimited, and examples thereof include inorganic acids such ashydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and thelike; organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroaceticacid, propionic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid,trifluoromethanesulfonic acid; hydrogen chloride solution; hydrogenbromide solution; hydrogen fluoride and the like

In addition, water, anisole, m-cresol, ethanedithiol, thioanisole ortriisopropylsilane can be used with along the acid.

The amount of the acid to be used in the cyclization reaction isgenerally 0.001 mol to 1000 mol, preferably 1 mol to 100 mol, morepreferably 5 mol to 50 mol, relative to 1 mol of Compound II.

The cyclization reaction may be performed with or without solvent. Thesolvent to be used in the cyclization reaction may be any as long as itdoes not inhibit the reaction. Examples thereof include ethers such astetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl tert-butyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), ethylene glycol dimethyl ether,1,3-dioxolane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and the like; aprotic polarsolvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sulfolane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), hexamethyl phosphoramide(HMPA), acetonitrile, propionitrile and the like; halogenated solventssuch as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride,monochlorobenzene and the like; aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene,toluene, xylene and the like; water and the like, and a mixed solventthereof. When a mixed solvent is used, the solvents may be mixed atoptional ratios.

While the reaction temperature in the cyclization reaction depends onthe reagent to be used and the like, it is generally from −40° C. to120° C., preferably from −20° C. to 60° C., more preferably from −10° C.to 40° C. The reaction time is generally 0.5 hr to 96 hr, preferably 1hr to 48 hr.

The compound (I) to be obtained in the cyclization reaction can beisolated and purified by a conventional method such as extraction,water-washing, acid washing, alkali washing, crystallization,recrystallization, silica gel column chromatography.

Furthermore continuing the explanation, the compounds of the presentinvention, salts thereof and derivatives thereof useful as prodrugs areexcellent in pharmacological action selectivity, safety (varioustoxicities and safety pharmacology), pharmacokinetic performance,physicochemical property and the like, and therefore the usefulness asactive ingredients of medicaments can be confirmed.

Examples of tests concerning pharmacological action selectivity include,but not be limited to, the following list including inhibition oractivation assays on various pharmacological target receptors,inhibition assays on various pharmacological target enzymes, ionchannels or transporters, cell tests to be used for the evaluation forvarious pharmacological action, and the like.

Examples of tests concerning safety include, but not be limited to, thefollowing list including cytotoxic tests (e.g., tests using HL60 cells,hepatocytes, etc., and the like), genotoxicity tests (e.g., Ames test,mouse lymphoma TK test, chromosomal aberration test, micronucleus testand the like), skin sensitization tests (e.g., Buehler method, GPMTmethod, APT method, LLNA test and the like), skin photosensitizationtests (e.g., Adjuvant and Strip method and the like), eye irritationtests (e.g., single instillation, short-term continuation instillation,repetitive instillation and the like), safety pharmacology tests for thecardiovascular system (e.g., telemetry method, APD method, hERGinhibition assay and the like), safety pharmacology tests for thecentral nervous system (e.g., FOB method, modified version of Irwinmethod and the like), safety pharmacology tests for the respiratorysystem (e.g., measurement method using a respiratory function measuringapparatus, measurement method using a blood gas analyzer and the like),general toxicity tests, and the like.

Examples of tests concerning pharmacokinetic performance include, butnot be limited to, the following list including cytochrome P450 enzymeinhibition or induction tests, cell permeability tests (e.g., testsusing CaCO-2 cells, MDCK cells etc., and the like), drug transporterATPase assay, oral absorption tests, blood concentration transitionmeasurement tests, metabolism tests (e.g., stability test, metabolitemolecular species test, reactivity test and the like), solubility tests(e.g., solubility test based on turbidity method and the like), and thelike.

Examples of tests concerning physicochemical property include, but notbe limited to, the following list including chemical stability test(e.g., stability test using HPLC etc., and the like), partitioncoefficient (e.g., partition test using octanol phase/water phase andthe like), ionization constant test, crystallization test, and the like.

The compound of the present invention are useful as bioactive agents,such as diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic agents. For example,the alpha-helix mimetic structures of the present invention may be usedfor modulating a cell signaling transcription factor related peptides ina warm-blooded animal, by a method comprising administering to theanimal an effective amount of the compound of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id).

In another embodiment, there is a method of treating a cancerouscondition or fibrosis by administering the compound of formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id). The compounds of the formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) can be used for inhibiting or treating disorders modulatedby Wnt-signaling pathway, such as cancer, such as colorectal cancer, andso forth.

In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises thecompound of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, and, if desired or necessary, together with apharmaceutical acceptable carrier. In another aspect, it is an object ofthe present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprisingan effective amount of the compound having general formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id) and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which can beused for treatment of disorders modulated by Wnt signaling pathway,especially by TCF4-β-catenin-CBP complex.

Further, the present invention is to provide a method for inhibiting thegrowth of tumor cells by using the above-described composition of thepresent invention; a method for inducing apoptosis of tumor cells byusing the above-described composition of the present invention; a methodfor treating a disorder modulated by TCF4-β-catenin-CBP complex by usingthe above-described composition of the present invention; and a methodof treating cancer such as colorectal cancer by administering thecomposition of the present invention together with other anti-canceragent such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), taxol, cisplatin, mitomycin C,tegafur, raltitrexed, capecitabine, and irinotecan, etc.

In another aspect of this invention, libraries containing alpha-helixmimetic structures of the present invention are disclosed. Onceassembled, the libraries of the present invention may be screened toidentify individual members having bioactivity. Such screening of thelibraries for bioactive members may involve; for example, evaluating thebinding activity of the members of the library or evaluating the effectthe library members have on a functional assay. Screening is normallyaccomplished by contacting the library members (or a subset of librarymembers) with a target of interest, such as, for example, an antibody,enzyme, receptor or cell line. Library members which are capable ofinteracting with the target of interest, are referred to herein as“bioactive library members” or “bioactive mimetics”. For example, abioactive mimetic may be a library member which is capable of binding toan antibody or receptor, or which is capable of inhibiting an enzyme, orwhich is capable of eliciting or antagonizing a functional responseassociated, for example, with a cell line. In other words, the screeningof the libraries of the present invention determines which librarymembers are capable of interacting with one or more biological targetsof interest. Furthermore, when interaction does occur, the bioactivemimetic (or mimetics) may then be identified from the library members.The identification of a single (or limited number) of bioactivemimetic(s) from the library yields alpha-helix mimetic structures whichare themselves biologically active, and thus are useful as diagnostic,prophylactic or therapeutic agents, and may further be used tosignificantly advance identification of lead compounds in these fields.

Synthesis of the peptide mimetics of the library of the presentinvention may be accomplished using known peptide synthesis techniques,in combination with the first, second and third component pieces of thisinvention. More specifically, any amino acid sequence may be added tothe N-terminal and/or C-terminal of the conformationally constrainedalpha-helix mimetic. To this end, the mimetics may be synthesized on asolid support (such as PAM resin) by known techniques (see, e.g., JohnM. Stewart and Janis D. Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 1984,Pierce Chemical Comp., Rockford, Ill.) or on a silyl-linked resin byalcohol attachment (see Randolph et al., J. Am Chem. Soc. 117:5712-14,1995).

In addition, a combination of both solution and solid phase synthesistechniques may be utilized to synthesize the peptide mimetics of thisinvention. For example, a solid support may be utilized to synthesizethe linear peptide sequence up to the point that the conformationallyconstrained alpha-helix is added to the sequence. A suitableconformationally constrained alpha-helix mimetic structure which hasbeen previously synthesized by solution synthesis techniques may then beadded as the next “amino acid” to the solid phase synthesis (i.e., theconformationally constrained alpha-helix mimetic, which has both anN-terminus and a C-terminus, may be utilized as the next amino acid tobe added to the linear peptide). Upon incorporation of theconformationally constrained alpha-helix mimetic structures into thesequence, additional amino acids may then be added to complete thepeptide bound to the solid support. Alternatively, the linear N-terminusand C-terminus protected peptide sequences may be synthesized on a solidsupport, removed from the support, and then coupled to theconformationally constrained alpha-helix mimetic structures in solutionusing known solution coupling techniques.

As to methods for constructing the libraries, traditional combinatorialchemistry techniques (see, e.g., Gallop et al., J. Med. Chem.37:1233-1251, 1994) permit a vast number of compounds to be rapidlyprepared by the sequential combination of reagents to a basic molecularscaffold. Combinatorial techniques can be used to construct peptidelibraries derived from the naturally occurring amino acids. For example,by taking 20 mixtures of 20 suitably protected and different amino acidsand coupling each with one of the 20 amino acids, a library of 400(i.e., 20²) dipeptides is created. Repeating the procedure seven timesresults in the preparation of a peptide library comprised of about 26billion (i.e., 20⁸) octapeptides.

Specifically, synthesis of the peptide mimetics of the library of thepresent invention may be accomplished using known peptide synthesistechniques, such as those disclosed, for example, in WO 2005/116032,which is incorporated herein by reference.

In a further aspect of this invention, the present invention providesmethods for screening the libraries for bioactivity and isolatingbioactive library members.

In one embodiment, data of biological activity is determined in thefollowing manner. Compounds are assayed by using a method of thefollowing reporter gene assay.

Reporter Gene Assay

Screening for inhibitory action of the Wnt signaling pathway can becarried out according to the following procedure using the stablytransfected cell line Hek-293, STF1.1.

-   Growth Medium: DMEM, 10% FBS, Pen-Strep, supplemented with 400 μg/mL    G418 to maintain selection of SuperTOPFLASH driven Luciferase gene-   1. On the day prior to assay, split cells into a white opaque    96-well plate at 20,000 cells per well in 200 μl of complete growth    medium-   2. Incubate the plate overnight at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and allow the    cells to attach-   3. Next day, prepare the inhibitors to be tested in complete growth    medium, without G418, at 2× the desired final concentration (all    conditions are done in duplicates)-   4. Carefully remove the old medium from each well using a multiple    pipettor-   5. Add 50 μl of fresh growth medium (without G148) containing the    inhibitor to each well-   6. Be sure to include 2 wells containing medium only, 2 wells for    stimulation control, 2 wells for DMSO control, and wells for the    positive control ICG-001 (2, 5, and 10 micromolar)-   7. Once all inhibitors and controls are added, incubate the plate    for 1 hour at 37° C., 5% CO₂-   8. While plate is incubating, prepare fresh 20 mM LiCl in complete    growth medium (without G418)-   9. After 1 hour, remove plate from incubator and add 50 μl of the    medium containing 20 mM LiCl to each well, except for the two wells    of the unstimulated control (add 50 μl of just complete medium)-   10. Incubate the plate for 24 hours at 37° C., 5% CO₂-   11. After 24 hours, add 100 μl of BrightGlo (Promega, Cat. #: G7573)    to each well-   12. Shake plate for 5 minutes to ensure complete lysis-   13. Read plate on the Packard TopCount

The libraries of the present invention also can be screened forbioactivity by other various techniques and methods. For example, thescreening assay may be performed by (1) contacting the mimetics of alibrary with a biological target of interest, such as a receptor, toallow binding between the mimetics of the library and the target tooccur, and (2) detecting the binding event by an appropriate assay, suchas the calorimetric assay disclosed by Lam et al. (Nature 354:82-84,1991) or Griminski et al. (Biotechnology 12:1008-1011, 1994) (both ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference). In a preferred embodiment,the library members are in solution and the target is immobilized on asolid phase. Alternatively, the library may be immobilized on a solidphase and may be probed by contacting it with the target in solution.

A method for carrying out a binding assay also can be applied asfollows. The method can include providing a composition that includes afirst co-activator, an interacting protein, and a test compound. Theamino acid structure of the first co-activator includes a binding motifof LXXLL, LXXLI or FxxFF wherein X is any amino acid. The method furtherincludes detecting an alteration in binding between the firstco-activator and the interacting protein due to the presence of thecompound, and then characterizing the test compound in terms of itseffect on the binding. The assay may be carried out by any means thatcan measure the effect of a test compound on the binding between twoproteins. Many such assays are known in the art and can be utilized inthe method of the present invention, including the so-called Two-Hybridand Split-Hybrid systems. The Two-Hybrid system, and various means tocarry out an assay using this system, are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 6,410,245. The Split-Hybrid system has been described by, e.g.,Hsiu-Ming Shiu et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:13896-13901,November 1996; and John D. Crispino, et al. Molecular Cell, 3:1-20,February 1999. In the Split-Hybrid system, a fusion protein is utilizedwhere protein X is fused to the lexA DNA binding domains (pLexA) andprotein Y is fused to the transcription activator VP16 (pSHM.1-LacZ).Interaction between lexA-X and VP16-Y leads to the expression of theTetracycline repressor protein (TetR). TetR prevents transcription ofthe HIS3 reporter gene, making the cells unable to grow on media lackinghistidine. Disruption of protein-protein interaction will restore theability of the cells to grow on such media by shutting down expressionof the tetracycline repressor. Accordingly, compounds of the presentinvention may be added to the growing cells, and if the addition of thecompound restores the ability of the cells to grow on the media, thecompound may be seen as an effective disrupter of the protein-proteininteraction. The yeast strains required to make the Split-Hybrid systemwork can be employed with two hybrid LexA/VP16 constructs such as thosedescribed by Stanley M. Hollenberg, et al. Molecular and CellularBiology 15(7):3813-3822, July 1995. A useful modification of theSplit-Hybrid system was utilized by Takemaru, K. I. and Moon, R. T. J.of Cell Biol. 149:249-254, 2000.

Other assay formats can also be suitable. For example, reporter geneassays for AP-1, ELISA, for example, blocking the production of IL-2 bya T-cell line after stimulation with CD3 and CD28 to look for inhibitorsof IL-2 transcription. Direct binding assays (between coactivators andtheir partners) can be performed by surface plasmon resonancespectroscopy (Biacore, Sweden, manufactures suitable instruments) orELISA.

Exemplary transcriptional regulators include, without limitation, VP16,VP64, p300, CBP, PCAF.SRC1 PvALF, AtHD2A and ERF-2. See, for example,Robyr et al. (2000) Mol. Endocrinol. 14:329-347; Collingwood et al.(1999) J. Mol. Endocrinol. 23:255-275; Leo et al. (2000) Gene 245:1-11;Manteuffel-Cymborowska (1999) Acta Biochim. Pol. 46:77-89; McKenna etal. (1999) J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 69:3-12; Malik et al. (2000)Trends Biochem. Sci. 25:277-283; and Lemon et al. (1999) Curr. Opin.Genet. Dev. 9:499-504. Other exemplary transcription factors include,without limitation, OsGAI, HALF-1, C1, AP1, ARF-5, -6, -7, and -8,CPRF1, CPRF4, MYC-RP/GP, and TRAB1. See, for example, Ogawa et al.(2000) Gene 245:21-29; 5 Okanami et al. (1996) Genes Cells 1:87-99; Goffet al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:298-309; Cho et al. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol.40:419-429; Ulmason et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96:5844-5849; Sprenger-Haussels et al. (2000) Plant J. 22:1-8; Gong etal. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol. 41:33-44; and Hobo et al. (1999) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 96:15,348-15,353.

The transcriptional coactivator can be a human transcriptionalcoactivator. In another embodiment, the transcriptional coactivator is amember of the p300/CBP family of co-activators which have histoneacetyltransferase activity. p300 is described for example by Eckner etal., 1994 and CBP by Bannister and Kouzarides, 1996. For the 5 purposesof the present invention, reference to p300/CBP refers to human allelicand synthetic variants of p300, and to other mammalian variants andallelic and synthetic variants thereof, as well as fragments of saidhuman and mammalian forms of p300. In one aspect of the assay, theinteracting protein is a transcription factor or a second co-activator.In one aspect of the assay, the interacting protein is any one ofRIP140; SRC-1 (NCoA-1); TIF2 (GRIP-1; SRC-2); p (CIP; RAC3; ACTR; AIB-1;TRAM-1; SRC-3); CBP (p300); TRAPs (DRIPs); PGC-1; CARM-1; PRIP (ASC-2;AIB3; RAP250; NRC); GT-198; and SHARP (CoAA; p68; p72). In anotheraspect of the assay, the interacting protein is any one of TAL 1; p73;MDm2; TBP; HIF-1; Ets-1; RXR; p65; AP-1; Pit-1; HNF-4; Stat2; HPV E2;BRCA1; p45 (NF-E2); c-Jun; c-myb; Tax; Sap 1; YY1; SREBP; ATF-1; ATF-4;Cubitus; Interruptus; Gli3; MRF; AFT-2; JMY; dMad; PyLT: HPV E6; CITTA;Tat; SF-1; E2F; junB; RNA helicase A; C/EBP β; GATA-1; Neuro D;Microphthalimia; E1A; TFIIB; p53; P/CAF; Twist; Myo D; pp9O RSK; c-Fos;and SV40 Large T. In another aspect of the assay, the interactingprotein is any one of ERAP140; RIP140; RIP160; Trip1; SWI1 (SNF); ARA70;RAP46; TIF1; TIF2; GRIP1; and TRAP. In another aspect of the invention,the interacting protein is any one of VP16; VP64; p300; CBP; PCAF; SRC1PvALF; AtHD2A; ERF-2; OsGAI; HALF-1; C1; AP-1; ARF-5; ARF-6; ARF-7;ARF-8; CPRF1; CPRF4; MYC-RP/GP; and TRAB1. In another aspect of theinvention, the first co-activator is CBP or p300.

The test compound is selected from compounds as described herein. Forexample, compounds having the formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id).Typically, a test compound can be evaluated at several differentconcentrations, where these concentrations will be selected, in part,based on the conditions of the assay, e.g., the concentrations of thefirst co-activator and the interacting protein. Concentrations in therange of about 0.1 to 10 μM may be used. In one aspect, the assayevaluates the relative efficacy of two compounds to affect the bindinginteraction between two proteins, where at least one of those twocompounds is a compound of the present invention. The more effectivecompound can than serve as a reference compound in a study of therelationship between compound structure and compound activity.

Compounds of general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) may inhibitCBP-mediated transcriptional activation in cancer cells due to theirspecific binding to CBP. The compounds of the present invention may alsoinhibit the survivin expression in SW480 cells, and therefore, inhibitthe oncogenic activity in cancer cells.

The compounds of the present invention can be used for inhibiting cancercells, and thus, would be useful for the regulation of cell growth. Thecompounds of the present invention can be also advantageously used forinducing apoptosis in cells.

The present invention is also related to prodrugs using the librariescontaining one or more compounds of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or(Id). A prodrug is typically designed to release the active drug in thebody during or after absorption by enzymatic and/or chemical hydrolysis.The prodrug approach is an effective means of improving the oralbioavailability or i.v. administration of poorly water-soluble drugs bychemical derivatization to more water-soluble compounds. The mostcommonly used prodrug approach for increasing aqueous solubility ofdrugs containing a hydroxyl group is to produce esters containing anionizable group; e.g., phosphate group, carboxylate group, alkylaminogroup (Fleisher et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 115-130, 1996;Davis et al., Cancer Res., 7247-7253).

In other aspects, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions containing a compound having the general formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id). These compositions may be used in various methods(e.g., treating cancer, fibrosis or Alzheimer's disease) of the presentinvention as described in detail below.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is formulated tobe compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples ofroutes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous,intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal(topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions orsuspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneousapplication can include the following components: a sterile diluent suchas water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethyleneglycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents;antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens;antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agentssuch as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates,citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such assodium chloride or dextrose. In addition, pH may be adjusted with acidsor bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteralpreparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multipledose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorEL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In allcases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extentthat easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, andliquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixturesthereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In manycases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in thecomposition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can bebrought about by including in the composition an agent which delaysabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompound, e.g., a compound having general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic)or (Id) in the required amount, in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains adispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the activeingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previouslysterile-filtered solution thereof. Oral compositions generally includean inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatincapsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeuticadministration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipientsand used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.

Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use asa mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orallyand swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatiblebinding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of thecomposition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like cancontain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similarnature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth orgelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agentsuch as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such asmagnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicondioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoringagent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in theform of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser thatcontains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or anebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermalmeans. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrantsappropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, forexample, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, andfusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can beaccomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. Fortransdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated intoointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g.,with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and otherglycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, suchas a controlled release formulation, including implants andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially fromAlza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions(including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonalantibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811.

It can be advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions indosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete unitssuited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unitcontaining a 5 predetermined quantity of active compound calculated toproduce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms ofthe invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the uniquecharacteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeuticeffect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art ofcompounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.

For instance, in certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition ofthe present invention is one suitable for oral administration in unitdosage form such as a tablet or capsule that contains from about 1 mg toabout 1 g of the compound of this invention. In some other embodiments,a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is one suitablefor intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. A patient mayreceive, for example, an intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular doseof about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of the compound of the presentinvention. The intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular dose may begiven by means of a bolus injection or by continuous infusion over aperiod of time. Alternatively a patient will receive a daily oral doseapproximately equivalent to the daily parenteral dose, the compositionbeing administered 1 to 4 times per day.

Preferably, the compound of the formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) ofthe present invention can be administered intravenously (particularlypreferably, by continuous drip infusion or rapid intravenousadministration) to mammals inclusive of human.

In the case, the dose is selected appropriately depending on variousfactors such as the body weight and/or age of patients, and/or thedegree of the symptom and an administration route. For example, the doseof the compound of the formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) forintravenous administration is generally in the range of 1 to 10000mg/day/m² human body surface area, preferably in the range of 1 to 5000mg/day/m² human body surface area, and more preferably 10 to 5000mg/day/m² human body surface area by continuous drip infusionadministration.

The pharmaceutical composition containing the compound of generalformula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) can be used for treatment ofdisorders modulated by Wnt signaling pathway, especially cancer, moreespecially colorectal cancer.

In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for inhibitingtumor growth. Such methods comprise the step of administering to asubject (e.g., a mammalian subject) having a tumor a compound withgeneral formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) in an amount effective toinhibit tumor growth. A compound or composition inhibits tumor growth ifthe tumor sizes are statistically significantly smaller in subjects withthe treatment of the compound or composition than those without thetreatment.

The inhibitory effect of a particular compound or composition of thepresent invention on tumor growth may be characterized by anyappropriate methods known in the art. For instance, the effect of thecompound or composition on survivin expression may be measured.Compounds or compositions down-regulate survivin expression are likelyto have inhibitory effects on tumor growth. In addition, assays usingtumor cell lines (e.g., soft agar assays using SW480 cells) and animalmodels for tumor growth (e.g., nude mice grafted with tumor cells andMin mouse model) may also be used to evaluate the inhibitory effect ontumor growth of a given compound or composition as described in detailin the examples. Other exemplary animal models or xenografts for tumorgrowth include those for breast cancer (Guo et al., Cancer Res. 62:4678-84, 2002; Lu et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 57: 183-92, 1999),pancreatic cancer (Bouvet et al., Cancer Res. 62: 1534-40, 2002),ovarian tumor (Nilsson et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 49: 93-100,2002; Bao et al., Gynecol. Oncol. 78: 373-9, 2000), melanoma (Demidem etal., Cancer Res. 61: 2294-300, 2001), colorectal cancer (Brown et al.,Dig. Dis. Sci. 45: 1578-84, 2000; Tsunoda et al., Anticancer Res. 19:1149-52, 1999; Cao et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 5: 267-74, 1999; Shawler etal., J. Immunother. Emphasis Tumor Immunol. 17: 201-8, 1995; McGregor etal., Dis. Colon. Rectum. 36: 834-9, 1993; Verstijnen et al., AnticancerRes. 8: 1193-200, 1988), hepatocellular cancer (Labonte et al., Hepatol.Res. 18: 72-85, 2000), and gastric cancer (Takahashi et al., Int. J.Cancer 85: 243-7, 2000).

The compound or composition that inhibits tumor growth may beadministrated into a subject with a tumor via an appropriate routedepending on, for example, the tissue in which the tumor resides. Theappropriate dosage may be determined using knowledge and techniquesknown in the art as described above. The effect of the treatment of thecompound or composition on tumor growth may also be monitored usingmethods known in the art. For instance, various methods may be used formonitoring the progression and/or growth of colorectal cancer, includingcolonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, biopsy, computed tomograph, ultrasound,magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Methodsfor monitoring the progression and/or growth of ovarian cancer include,for example, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonanceimaging, chest X-ray, laparoscopy, and tissue sampling.

In a related aspect, the present invention provides a method fortreating or preventing cancer or fibrosis. Such methods comprise thestep of administering to a subject in need thereof a compound orcomposition having general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) in anamount effective to treat or prevent cancer or fibrosis in the subject.Treating cancer (or fibrosis) is understood to encompass reducing oreliminating cancer progression, e.g., cancer growth and metastasis (orfibrosis, as applicable). Preventing cancer (or fibrosis) is understoodto encompass preventing or delaying the onset of cancer (or fibrosis, asapplicable). Various types of cancer may be treated or prevented by thepresent invention. They include, but are not limited to, lung cancer,breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer,liver cancer, uterus cancer, ovarian cancer, gliomas, melanoma,lymphoma, and leukemia. A subject in need of treatment may be a human ornon-human primate or other animal with various types of cancer.

A subject in need of prevention may be a human or non-human primate orother animal that is at risk for developing cancer or fibrosis. Methodsfor diagnosing cancer (or fibrosis) and screening for individuals withhigh risk of cancer (or fibrosis) are known in the art and may be usedin the present invention. For instance, colorectal cancer may bediagnosized by fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy,barium enema with air contrast, and virtual colonoscopy. An individualwith high risk of colorectal cancer may have one or more colorectalcancer risk factors such as a strong family history of colorectal canceror polyps, a known family history of hereditary colorectal cancersyndromes, a personal history of adenomatous polyps, and a personalhistory of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

A compound with general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) useful incancer (or fibrosis) treatment or prevention may be identified byappropriate methods known in the art. Methods that may be used to selectcompounds for inhibitory effect on tumor growth as described above mayalso be used. The route of administration, the dosage of a givencompound, the effectiveness of the treatment may be determined usingknowledge and techniques known in the art. Factors that may beconsidered in making such a determination include, for example, type andstage of the cancer (or fibrosis) to be treated.

The compound with general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) usefulin cancer treatment and prevention may be administered in combinationwith an other anti-neoplastic agent. The anti-neoplastic agent refers toa compound that inhibits tumor growth.

Specific examples of the other anti-neoplastic agent include alkylatingagents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclophosphamide; alkyl sulfonatessuch as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such asbenzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines andmethylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine,trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide andtrimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin andbullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analoguetopotecan); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin,carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues); cryptophycins(particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin;duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1);eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogenmustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide,estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxidehydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine,trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine,chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine;antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin,especially calicheamicin gamma 11 and calicheamicin omega 11 (see, e.g.,Agnew, Chem Intl. Ed. Engl. 33:183-186 (1994)); dynemicin, includingdynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an esperamicin; aswell as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyneantiobiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin,azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin,carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin,6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, ADRLAMYCIN® doxorubicin (includingmorpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin,2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin,idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolicacid, nogalarnycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin,quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin,ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexateand 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), tegafur, raltitrexed; folic acid analoguessuch as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purineanalogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine;pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine,carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine,floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate,epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such asaminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such asfrolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinicacid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate;defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; elliptinium acetate;an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan;lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins;mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin;phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid;2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK® polysaccharide complex (JHS NaturalProducts, Eugene, Oreg.); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium;tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine;trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A andanguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol;mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”);cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g., TAXOL® paclitaxel(Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), ABRAXANE™Cremophor-free, albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulation ofpaclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, Ill.), andTAXOTERE® doxetaxel (Rhne-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); chloranbucil;GEMZAR® gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate;platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin andcarboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide;mitoxantrone; vincristine; NAVELBINE® vinorelbine; novantrone;teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate;irinotecan (e.g., CPT-11); topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000;difluorometlhylornithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid;capecitabine; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids orderivatives of any of the above.

In addition, examples of the other anti-neoplastic agent also includeanti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action ontumors such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators(SERMs), including, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEX™tamoxifen), raloxifene, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene,keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and FARESTON toremifene; aromataseinhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogenproduction in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles,aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® megestrol acetate, AROMASIN® exemestane,formestane, fadrozole, RIVISOR® vorozole, FEMARA® letrozole, andARIMIDEX®. anastrozole; and anti-androgens such as flutamide,nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; as well astroxacitabine (a 1,3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog); antisenseoligonucleotides, particularly those which inhibit expression of genesin signaling pathways implicated in abherant cell proliferation, suchas, for example, PKC-alpha, Ralf and H-Ras; ribozymes such as a VEGFexpression inhibitor (e.g., ANGIOZYME® ribozyme) and a HER2 expressioninhibitor; vaccines such as gene therapy vaccines, for example,ALLOVECTIN® vaccine, LEUVECTIN® vaccine, and VAXID® vaccine; PROLEUKIN®rIL-2; LURTOTECAN® topoisomerase 1 inhibitor; ABARELIX® rmRH; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of theabove.

Moreover, examples of the other anti-neoplastic agent also include a“growth inhibitory agent” referring to a compound or composition whichinhibits growth of a cell in vitro and/or in vivo. Thus, the growthinhibitory agent may be one which significantly reduces the percentageof cells in S phase. Examples of growth inhibitory agents include agentsthat block cell cycle progression (at a place other than S phase), suchas agents that induce G1 arrest and M-phase arrest. Classical M-phaseblockers include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), TAXOL®, andtopo II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin,etoposide, and bleomycin. Those agents that arrest G1 also spill overinto S-phase arrest, for example, DNA alkylating agents such astamoxifen, prednisone, dacarbazine, mechlorethamine, cisplatin,methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and ara-C.

Furthermore, examples of the other anti-neoplastic agent also include a“molecular target drug” that blocks the proliferation and metastasis ofcancer by interfering with specific molecules involved in carcinogenesis(the process by which normal cells become cancer cells), tumor growth,or tumor spread. Specific examples of the “molecular target drug”include kinase inhibitors that inhibit kinase activity on tumors,including, for example, imatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, sunitinib,sorafenib, dasatinib, nilotinib; antibodies that bind to the cellsurface molecule on tumor cells or to the growth factor and the likesuch as, for example, ibritumomab, cetuximab, trastuzumab, panitumumab,bevacizumab, rituximab; and proteasome inhibitors that inhibit theproteasome which regulates protein expression and function bydegradation of ubiquitinylated proteins, such as bortezomib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of above.

Further information can be found in The Molecular Basis of Cancer,Mendelsohn and Israel, eds., Chapter 1, entitled “Cell cycle regulation,oncogenes, and antineoplastic drugs” by Murakami et al. (W B Saunders:Philadelphia, 1995), especially p. 13.

A compound with general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id)administered in combination with an anti-neoplastic agent does notnecessarily require that the compound and the anti-neoplastic agent beadministered concurrently. The compound and the agent may beadministered separately as long as at a time point, they both haveeffects on same cancer cells.

For example, the administration mode may be exemplified by (1)administration of a single preparation obtained by simultaneouslyformulating the compound of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) andthe other anti-neoplastic agent, (2) simultaneous administration throughthe same administration route of two preparations obtained by separatelyformulating the compound of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) andthe other anti-neoplastic agent, (3) administration with a time intervalthrough the same administration route of two preparations obtained byseparately formulating the compound of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or(Id) and the other anti-neoplastic agent, (4) simultaneousadministration through different administration routes of twopreparations obtained by separately formulating the compound of formula(I) and the other anti-neoplastic agent, (5) administration with a timeinterval through different administration routes of two preparationsobtained by separately formulating the compound of formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id) and the other anti-neoplastic agent (e.g.,administration in order of the compound of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic)or (Id) and then the other anti-neoplastic agent, or administration inthe reverse order), or the like. The amount of the other anti-neoplasticagent to be administered can be appropriately selected with reference tothe clinically used dosage. The mixing ratio of the compound of formula(I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) and the other anti-neoplastic agent can beappropriately selected in accordance with the subject of administration,administration route, disease to be treated, symptoms, combination, andthe like.

In addition, the compound of the present invention can be also used incombination with, for example, gene therapy involving VEGF, TNFa or thelike, or therapeutic methods involving various antibody medicines or thelike.

In a further related aspect, the present invention provides methods forpromoting apoptosis in cancer cells. Such methods comprise the step ofcontacting cancer cells with a compound having general formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) in an amount effective to promote apoptosis inthese cells. A compound promotes apoptosis if the number of cancer cellsundergoing apoptosis is statistically significantly larger in thepresence of the compound than that in the absence of the compound. Suchcompounds may be identified by methods known in the art (e.g., measuringcaspase activities and/or cell death) using cultured cancer cell lines,xenografts, or animal cancer models. Preferably, the compound is moreactive in promoting apoptosis in cancer cells than in normal cells.Cancer cells treatable by the present method may be from various tissueorigins.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method for treating adisorder modulated by Wnt signaling pathway in which the methodcomprises administering to a patient a safe and effective amount of thecompounds having general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) isdisclosed. Pharmaceutical composition containing the compound of thepresent invention can be also used for this purpose. In this connection,it is found in the present invention that the compounds having generalformula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) or the pharmaceutical compositioncontaining thereof can be useful for the treatment of disorder modulatedby TCF4/β-catenin/CBP complex, which is believed to be responsible forinitiating the overexpression of cancer cells related to Wnt signalingpathway. Thus, it is another aspect of the present invention to providea method for the treatment of disorder modulated by TCF4/β-catenin/CBPcomplex, using the compounds having the general formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id).

The present invention also provides compounds and methods for inhibitingsurvivin expression. Survivin is a target gene of the TCF/β-cateninpathway, and more specifically is a target gene of the TCF/β-catenin/CBPpathway. It is a member of the IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein)family of proteins. Biological activity associated with survivinincludes: highly expressed at G2/M, regulating cell cycle entry andexit; associated with microtubule, centrosomes, centromeres and midbodydepending upon the phases of the cell cycle; and anti-apoptosis viainteracting directly or indirectly with caspases (e.g., caspase 3, 7 and9). In connection with cancer, survivin is widely and highly expressedin tumor cells, but expressed to little or no extent in normal tissuecells. Also, it has been observed that cancer patients whose tumorsexpressed survivin had a decreased overall survival. Furthermore, thedegree of survivin expression has been correlated with other cancermarkers, e.g., Ki67, PNCA, p53, APC, etc.

The effect of a particular compound of the present invention on survivinexpression may be characterized by methods known in the art. Suchmethods include methods for characterizing survivin expression at thetranscriptional or translational level. Exemplary methods forcharacterizing survivin expression at the transcriptional level are:cDNA microarry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and assays for reporteractivities driven by survivin promoter. Exemplary methods forcharacterizing survivin expression at the translational level are:Western blot analysis, immunochemistry and caspase activities. Detaileddescriptions of the above exemplary methods may be found in the examplesbelow.

As described above, the present invention provides methods forinhibiting survivin expression. Such methods comprise the step ofcontacting a survivin-expressing cell with a compound of the presentinvention in an amount effective to inhibit survivin expression. Acompound inhibits survivin expression if survivin expression in a cellis decreased in the presence of the compound compared to survivinexpression in the absence of the compound. Survivin-expressing cellsinclude tumor cells that express, such as cells in or from lung cancer,breast cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, uteruscancer, ovarian cancer, gliomas, melanoma, colorectal cancer, lymphomaand leukemia. The step of contacting the survivin-expressing cells withthe compound may be performed in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. A compounduseful in inhibiting survivin expression may be identified, and theeffects of a particular compound of the present invention may becharacterized, by appropriate methods known in the art, as described indetail above.

Compounds of the present invention also may inhibit the expression ofsurvivin. Blanc-Brude et al., Nat. Medicine 8:987 (2002), have shownthat survivin is a critical regulator of smooth muscle cell apoptosiswhich is important in pathological vessel-wall remodeling. Accordingly,another aspect of the present invention provides a method of treating orpreventing restenosis associated with angioplasty comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a safe and effective amountof an alpha-helix mimetic of the present invention. In one embodimentthe invention treats the restenosis, i.e., administration of analpha-helix mimetic of the present invention to a subject havingrestenosis achieves a reduction in the severity, extent, or degree, etc.of the restenosis. In another embodiment the invention prevents therestenosis, i.e., administration of an alpha-helix mimetic of thepresent invention to a subject that is anticipated to develop new oradditional restenosis achieves a reduction in the anticipated severity,extent, or degree, etc. of the restenosis. Optionally, the subject is amammalian subject.

Compounds of the present invention also may inhibit TCF/β-catenintranscription. Rodova et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:29577 (2002), haveshown that PKD-1 promoter is a target of the TCF/β-catenin pathway.Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides a methodof treating or preventing polycystic kidney disease comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a safe and effective amountof an alpha-helix mimetic of the present invention. In one embodimentthe invention treats the polycystic kidney disease, i.e., administrationof an alpha-helix mimetic of the present invention to a subject havingpolycystic kidney disease achieves a reduction in the severity, extent,or degree, etc. of the polycystic kidney disease. In another embodimentthe invention prevents polycystic kidney disease, i.e., administrationof an alpha-helix mimetic of the present invention to a subject that isanticipated to develop new or additional polycystic kidney diseaseachieves a reduction in the anticipated severity, extent, or degree,etc. of the polycystic kidney disease. Optionally, the subject is amammalian subject.

Compounds of the present invention also may inhibit the expression ofWnt signaling. Hanai et al., J. Cell Bio. 158:529 (2002), have shownthat endostatin, a known anti-angiogenic factor, inhibits Wnt signaling.Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides a methodof treating or preventing aberrant angiogenesis disease comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a safe and effective amountof an alpha-helix mimetic of the present invention. In one embodimentthe invention treats the aberrant angiogenesis disease, i.e.,administration of an alpha-helix mimetic of the present invention to asubject having aberrant angiogenesis disease achieves a reduction in theseverity, extent, or degree, etc. of the aberrant angiogenesis disease.In another embodiment the invention prevents aberrant angiogenesisdisease, i.e., administration of an alpha-helix mimetic of the presentinvention to a subject that is anticipated to develop new or additionalaberrant angiogenesis disease achieves a reduction in the anticipatedseverity, extent, or degree, etc. of the aberrant angiogenesis disease.Optionally, the subject is a mammalian subject.

Compounds of the present invention also may inhibit Wnt TCF/β-cateninsignalling. Accordingly, another aspect of the invention provides amethod of treating or preventing tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a safe andeffective amount of an alpha-helix mimetic the present invention.Subjects having TSC typically develop multiple focal lesions in thebrain, heart, kidney and other tissues (see, e.g., Gomez, M. R. BrainDev. 17(suppl): 55-57 (1995)). Studies in mammalian cells have shownthat overexpression of TSC1 (which expresses hamartin) and TSC2 (whichexpresses tuberin) negatively regulates cell proliferation and inducesG1/S arrest (see, e.g., Miloloza, A. et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 9:1721-1727 (2000)). Other studies have shown that hamartin and tuberinfunction at the level of the β-catenin degradation complex, and morespecifically that these proteins negatively regulate β-catenin stabilityand activity by participating in the β-catenin degradation complex (see,e.g., Mak, B. C., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 278(8): 5947-5951, (2003)).β-catenin is a 95-kDa protein that participates in cell adhesion throughits association with members of the membrane-bound cadherin family, andin cell proliferation and differentiation as a key component of theWnt/Wingless pathway (see, e.g., Daniels, D. L., et al., Trends Biochem.Sci 26: 672-678 (2001)). Misregulation of this pathway has been shown tobe oncogenic in humans and rodents. The present invention providescompounds that modulate β-catenin activity, and particularly itsinteractions with other proteins, and accordingly may be used in thetreatment of TSC. Thus, in one embodiment the invention treats TSC,i.e., administration of an alpha-helix mimetic of the present inventionto a subject having TSC achieves a reduction in the severity, extent, ordegree, etc. of the TSC. In another embodiment the invention preventsTSC, i.e., administration of an alpha-helix mimetic of the presentinvention to a subject that is anticipated to develop new or additionalTSC achieves a reduction in the anticipated severity, extent, or degree,etc. of the TSC. Optionally, the subject is a mammalian subject.

Compounds of the present invention also may inhibit the expression ofWnt signalling. The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is expressed in allKSHV-associated tumors, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and β-cellmalignancies such as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentricCastleman's disease. Fujimuro, M. et al., Nature Medicine 9(3):300-306(2003), have shown that LANA acts to stabilize β-catenin, apparently byredistribtution of the negative regular GSK-3β. The present inventionprovides compounds and methods for inhibiting β-catenin proteininteractions, e.g., β-catenin/TCF complex formation. Thus, the compoundsof the present invention thwart the LANA-induced accumulation ofβ-catenin/TCF complex and, at least in part, the consequences of KSHVinfection. Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention providesa method of treating or preventing conditions due to infection byKarposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Such conditions includeKSHV-associated tumors, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primaryeffusion lymphoma (PEL). The method comprises administering to a subjectin need thereof a safe and effective amount of an alpha-helix mimeticthe present invention. In one embodiment the invention treats theKSHV-associated tumor, i.e., administration of an alpha-helix mimetic ofthe present invention to a subject having a KSHV-associated tumorachieves a reduction in the severity, extent, or degree, etc. of thetumor. In another embodiment the invention prevents a KSHV-associatedtumor, i.e., administration of an alpha-helix mimetic of the presentinvention to a subject that is anticipated to develop new or additionalKSHV-associated tumors achieves a reduction in the anticipated severity,extent, or degree, etc. of the tumor. Optionally, the subject is amammalian subject.

LEF/TCF DNA-binding proteins act in concert with activated β-catenin(the product of Wnt signaling) to transactivate downstream target genes.DasGupta, R. and Fuchs, E. Development 126(20):4557-68 (1999)demonstrated the importance of activated LEF/TCF complexes at distincttimes in hair development and cycling when changes in cell fate anddifferentiation commitments take place. Furthermore, in skinmorphogenesis, β-catenin has been shown to be essential for hairfollicle formation, its overexpression causing the “furry” phenotype inmice (Gat, U., et al. Cell 95:605-614 (1998) and Fuchs, E. Harvey Lect.94:47-48 (1999). See also Xia, X. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA98:10863-10868 (2001). Compounds of the present invention have beenshown to inhibit the expression of Wnt signaling, and interfere withformation of β-catenin complexes. Accordingly, the present inventionprovides a method for modulating hair growth comprising administering toa subject in need thereof a safe and effective amount of an alpha-helixmimetic the present invention, where the amount is effective to modulatehair growth in the subject. Optionally, the subject is a mammaliansubject.

The present invention also provides compounds that may be useful intreating or preventing Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) isa neurodegenerative disease with progressive dementia. This disease isaccompanied by three main structural changes in the brain, namely, i)intracellular protein deposits (also known as neurofibrillary tangles,or NFT), ii) extracellular protein deposits termed amyloid plaques thatare surrounded by dystrophic neuritis, and iii) diffuse loss of neurons.

The compounds or compositions of the present invention may rescuedefects in neuronal differentiation caused by a presenilin-1 mutationand may decrease the number, or rate at which neuronal precursorpopulations differentiate to neurons in Alzheimer's brains. Presenilinsare transmembrane proteins whose functions are related to trafficking,turnover and cleavage of Notch and Amyloid Precursor Protein. Missensemutations in presenilin-1 (PS-1) are associated with early-onsetfamilial Alzheimer's disease (Fraser et al., Biochem. Soc. Symp. 67, 89(2001)). The compounds of the present invention may be applicable notonly to individuals with PS-1 familial Alzheimer's mutations, but alsoto general Alzheimer's patients.

In addition, the present invention can provide a method for treating orpreventing Alzheimer's disease comprising administering to a subject inneed thereof a safe and effective amount of an alpha-helix mimetic ofthe present invention, where the amount is effective to treat or preventAlzheimer's disease in the subject. Treating Alzheimer's disease isunderstood to encompass reducing or eliminating the manifestation ofsymptoms characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, or delaying theprogression of this disease. Preventing Alzheimer's disease isunderstood to encompass preventing or delaying the onset of thisdisease.

A subject in need of treatment may be a human or non-human primate orother animal that is at various stages of Alzheimer's disease. Methodsfor diagnosing Alzheimer's disease are known in the art (see, e.g.,Dinsmore, J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 99.9, Suppl. p:S1-6, 1999; Kurz etal., J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 62: 127-33, 2002; Storey et al., FrontViosci. 7: e155-84, 2002; Marin et al., Geriatrics 57: 36-40, 2002; Kriland Halliday, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 48: 167-217, 2001; Gurwitz, TrendsNeurosci. 23: 386, 2000; Muller-Spahn and Hock, Eur. Arch. PsychiatryClin. Neurosci. 249 Suppl. 3: 37-42; Fox and Rossor, Rev. Neuro. (Paris)155 Suppl. 4: S33-7, 1999), including the use of neuropsychologicalmeasures, functional imaging measures, biological markers, and autopsyof brain tissue. A subject in need of prevention may be a human ornon-human primate or other animal that is at risk for developingAlzheimer's disease, such as an individual having a mutation of certaingenes responsible for this disease (e.g., genes encoding amyloidprecursor protein, presenilin-1, and presenilin-2), and/or a geneinvolved in the pathogenesis of this disease (e.g., apolipoprotein Egene) (Rocchi et al., Brain Res. Bull. 61: 1-24, 2003).

Compounds with structures as set forth in formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic)or (Id) may be screened for their activities in treating or preventingAlzheimer's disease by any appropriate methods known in the art. Suchscreening may be initially performed using in vitro cultured cells (e.g,PC-12 cells). Compounds capable of rescuing defects in neuronaldifferentiation caused by a presenilin-1 mutation may be furtherscreened using various animal models for Alzheimer's disease.Alternatively, compounds with structures as set forth in formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) may be directly tested in animal models forAlzheimer's disease. Many model systems are known in the art and may beused in the present invention (see, e.g., Rowan et al., Philos. Trans.R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 358: 821-8, 2003; Lemere et al., Neurochem.Res. 28: 1017-27, 2003; Sant′Angelo et al., Neurochem. Res. 28: 1009-15,2003; Weiner Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 4: 306-16, 1997). The effects of theselected compounds on treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease may becharacterized or monitored by methods known in the art for evaluatingthe progress of Alzheimer's disease, including those described above fordiagnosing this disease.

The present invention also provides methods for promoting neuriteoutgrowth. Such methods comprise the step of contacting a neuron with acompound according to formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) in an amounteffective to promote neurite outgrowth. These methods are useful intreating neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., glaucoma, maculardegeneration, Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's disease) and injuriesto nervous system. A compound promotes neurite outgrowth if the neuritelengths of neurons are statistically significantly longer in thepresence of the compound than those in the absence of the compound. Sucha compound may be identified using in vitro cultured cells (e.g, PC-12cells, neuroblastoma B104 cell) (Bitar et al., Cell Tissue Res. 298:233-42, 1999; Pellitteri et al., Eur. J. Histochem. 45: 367-76, 2001;Satoh et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258: 50-3, 1999; Hirata andFujisawa, J. Neurobiol. 32:415-25, 1997; Chauvet et al., Glia 18:211-23, 1996; Vetter and Bishop, Curr. Biol. 5: 168-78, 1994; Koo etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 4748-52, 1993; Skubitz et al., J.Cell Biol. 115: 1137-48, 1991; O'Shea et al., Neuron 7: 231-7, 1991;Rydel and Greene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1257-61, 1988) or usingexplants (Kato et al., Brain Res. 31: 143-7, 1983; Vanhems et al., Eur.J. Neurosci. 2: 776-82, 1990; Carri et al., Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 12:567-78, 1994). Contacting a neuron with a compound according to thepresent invention may be carried out in vitro or in vivo. The resultingtreated neuron, if generated in vitro, may be transplanted into a tissuein need thereof (Lacza et al., Brain Res. Protoc. 11: 145-54, 2003; Chuet al., Neurosci. Lett 343: 129-33, 2003; Fukunaga et al., CellTransplant 8: 435-41, 1999).

The present invention also provides methods for promotingdifferentiation of a neural stem cell comprising contacting a neuralstem cell with a compound according to formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or(Id) in an amount effective to promote differentiation of a neural stemcell. Such methods are also useful in treating neurodegenerativediseases (e.g., glaucoma, macular degeneration, Parkinson's Disease, andAlzheimer's disease) and injuries to nervous system. “Neural stem cell”refers to a clonogenic, undifferentiated, multipotent cell capable ofdifferentiating into a neuron, an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte underappropriate conditions. A compound promotes differentiation of neuralstem cells if neural stem cells exhibit a statistically significantlyhigher degree of differentiation in the presence of the compound than inthe absence of the compound. Such a compound may be identified usingassays involving in vitro cultured stem cells or animal models(Albranches et al., Biotechnol. Lett. 25: 725-30, 2003; Deng et al.,Exp. Neurol. 182: 373-82, 2003; Munoz-Elias et al., Stem Cells 21:437-48, 2003; Kudo et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 66: 289-95, 2003; Wan etal., Chin. Med. J. 116: 428-31, 2003; Kawamorita et al., Hum. Cell 15:178-82, 2002; Stavridis and Smith, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31: 45-9, 2003;Pachenik et al., Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 42: 317-26, 2002; Fukunaga et al.,supra). The neural stem cell may be a cultured stem cell, a stem cellfreshly isolated from its source tissue, or a stem cell within itssource organism. Thus, contacting the neural stem cell with a compoundaccording to the present invention may be carried out either in vitro(for a cultured or freshly isolated stem cell) or in vivo (for a stemcell within its source organism). The resulting differentiated neuralcell, if generated in vitro, may be transplanted into a tissue in needthereof (Lacza et al., supra; Chu et al., supra; Fukunaga et al.,supra). Such a tissue includes a brain tissue or other nervous tissuethat suffers from a trauma or a neurodegenerative disease.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the compound(s) of thepresent invention or pharmaceutical formulations containing one or morecompounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment and/orprevention of fibrosis in general. Below is a further description ofexamples of various types/forms of fibrosis that are treatable with thecompounds of the present invention.

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a key mediator in the developmentof fibrosis, is important in cell proliferation and differentiation,apoptosis, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). TGF-β signalingactivates both the Smad and AP-1 transcription pathways. TGF-β in theairways of patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) may function initiallyas a “healing molecule” involved in the diminution of initial airwayinflammation and in tissue repair. However, with continued inflammatoryresponse such as may occur in PF, the balance may be shifted, toexcessive ECM deposition and development of airway fibrosis.

Fibroproliferative diseases are generally caused by the activation ofresident stellate cells which are found in most organs. This activationof stellate cells leads to their conversion to myofibroblasts whichdisplay characteristics of muscle and non-muscle cells. Activatedstellate cells initiate inflammatory signals, principally mediatedthrough TGF-β. Inflammatory cytokines and mediators in addition toTGF-β, lead to proliferation of myofibroblasts. Stellate-derivedmyofibroblasts proliferate and replace healthy, functional organ cellswith extra-cellular matrix that exhibit muscle and connective tissuetraits. Ultimately, organ failure results when the nonfunctionalfibrotic honeycomb matrix replaces a critical number of healthy cells.

The initial cause of fibrosis is believed to be the result of injury orinsult to organ tissues. This cellular injury to organ tissues can oftenbe traced to toxic or infectious agents. Pulmonary fibrosis, orinterstitial lung disease, is often the result of smoking, chronicasthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia.Fibrosis affects nearly all tissues and organ systems. Non-limitingexamples of disorders in which fibrosis is a major cause of morbidityand mortality are listed below.

Major-Organ Fibrosis

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) includes a wide range of distinctdisorders in which pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis are the finalcommon pathway of pathology. There are more than 150 causes of ILD,including sarcoidosis, silicosis, adverse drug reactions, infections andcollagen vascular diseases and systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type of ILD.Liver cirrhosis has similar causes to ILD, with viral hepatitis,schistosomiasis and chronic alcoholism being the major causes worldwide.

Kidney disease including diabetes can damage and scar the kidneys, whichleads to progressive loss of function. Untreated hypertension can alsocontribute to the fibroproliferation of the kidneys.

Heart disease associated with scar tissue can impair the heart's pumpingability.

Eye disease includes macular degeneration and retinal and vitrealretinopathy can impair vision.

Chronic pancreatitis is an irreversible disease of the pancreascharacterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis which leads to theloss of endocrine and exocrine function.

Fibroproliferative disorders include systemic and local scleroderma.Scleroderma is a chronic connective tissue disease that may be localizedor systemic, and may have an affect in many organs and tissues of thebody.

Keloids and hypertrophic scars, which can occur after surgery, traumaticwounds, burns, or even scratches. They manifest as an overgrowth of scartissue at the site of injury.

Atherosclerosis and restenosis. Restenosis refers to the re-narrowing ofa coronary artery after angioplasty to treat atherosclerosis. Scarringassociated with trauma can be associated with overgrowth of scar tissueat the site of the trauma-related injury. Surgical complications canlead to fibrosis in any organ in which scar tissue andfibroproliferation result from the surgical procedures.

Chemotherapy induced fibrosis can occur in, for example, the lungsfollowing chemotherapy, manifests as pulmonary fibrosis, and can besevere enough to require lung transplant, even in cases where theunderlying malignancy did not affect the lungs.

Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a serious and common complication ofradiation therapy that may cause chronic pain, neuropathy, limitedmovement of joints, and swelling of the lymph nodes. It occurs mostoften in breast, head, neck, and connective tissues. RIF may developfrom 4-6 months to 1-2 years following exposure to radiation therapy,and it becomes more severe over time. Risk factors for developing RIFinclude high radiation dose, large volumes of tissue exposed toradiation, and radiation combined with surgery, chemotherapy, or both.

Burns can lead to fibrosis when there is an overproduction of ECMproteins. Excessive ECM deposition causes the tissue to become fibrotic.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis destroys the lung's ability to transport oxygen andother gases into or out of the blood. This disease modifies the delicateand elastic tissues of the lung, changing these tissues into thicker,stiff fibrous tissue. This change or replacement of the original tissueis similar to the permanent scarring that can occur to other damagedtissues. Scarring of the lung reduces the lung's ability to allow gasesto pass (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide) into or out of the blood.Gradually, the air sacs of the lungs become replaced by fibrotic tissue.When the scar forms, the tissue becomes thicker causing an irreversibleloss of the tissue's ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream.Symptoms include shortness of breath, particularly with exertion;chronic dry, hacking cough; fatigue and weakness; discomfort in thechest; loss of appetite; and rapid weight loss.

Several causes of pulmonary fibrosis are known and they includeoccupational and environmental exposures. Many jobs, particularly thosethat involve mining or that expose workers to asbestos or metal dusts,can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Workers doing these kinds of jobs mayinhale small particles (like silica dusts or asbestos fibers) that candamage the lungs, especially the small airways and air sacs, and causethe scarring associated with fibrosis. Agricultural workers also can beaffected. Some organic substances, such as moldy hay, cause an allergicreaction in the lung. This reaction is called Farmer's Lung and cancause pulmonary fibrosis. Other fumes found on farms are directly toxicto the lungs.

Another cause is Sarcoidosis, a disease characterized by the formationof granulomas (areas of inflammatory cells), which can attack any areaof the body but most frequently affects the lungs.

Certain medicines may have the undesirable side effect of causingpulmonary fibrosis, as can radiation, such as treatment for breastcancer. Connective tissue or collagen diseases such as systemicsclerosis are also associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Although geneticand familial factors may be involved, this cause is not as common as theother causes listed above.

In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), connective tissueproliferation and fibrosis can characterize severe COPD. COPD candevelop as a result of smoking or chronic asthma.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

When all known causes of interstitial lung disease have been ruled out,the condition is called “idiopathic” (of unknown origin) pulmonaryfibrosis (IPF). Over 83,000 Americans are living with IPF, and more than31,000 new cases develop each year. This debilitating condition involvesscarring of the lungs. The lungs' air sacs develop scar, or fibrotictissue, which gradually interferes with the body's ability to transferthe oxygen into the bloodstream, preventing vital organs and tissue fromobtaining enough oxygen to function normally.

There are several theories as to what may cause IPF, including viralillness and allergic or environmental exposure (including tobaccosmoke). These theories are still being researched. Bacteria and othermicroorganisms are not thought to be the cause of IPF. There is also afamilial form of the disease, known as familial idiopathic pulmonaryfibrosis. Additional research is being done to determine whether thereis a genetic tendency to develop the disease, as well as to determineother causes of IPF.

Patients with IPF suffer similar symptoms to those with pulmonaryfibrosis when their lungs lose the ability to transfer oxygen into thebloodstream. The symptoms include shortness of breath, particularlyduring or after physical activity; spasmodic, dry cough; gradual,unintended weight loss; fatigue and weakness;

chest discomfort; clubbing, or enlargement of the ends of the fingers(or sometimes the toes) due to a buildup of tissue. These symptoms cangreatly reduce IPF patients' quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation,and oxygen therapy can reduce the lifestyle-altering effects of IPF, butdo not provide a cure.

In order to develop a treatment for fibrotic disease, it is important tofocus on the common pathway to the ultimate pathology that is shared bythe disease states, regardless of cause or of tissue in which it ismanifested. Several components of the causative pathway are discussedbelow, particularly in relation to the role of β-catenin.

Other Pathological Conditions

Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, is implicated in pulmonaryhypertension. CK2 kinase activity has been shown to promote cellsurvival by increasing survivin expression via β-cateninTCF/LEF-mediated transcription. Tapia, 1C. et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 103: 15079-84 (2006). This pathway therefore provides anotheropportunity to utilize the present compounds to alter theβ-catenin-mediated gene transcription processes.

McMurtry, M. S. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 115:1461-1463 (2005) reportedthat survivin was expressed in the pulmonary arteries of patients withpulmonary arterial hypertension, but not in the pulmonary arteries ofpatients without pulmonary arterial hypertension. Comparable resultswere found in rats treated with monocrotaline to induce pulmonaryarterial hypertension. In the rats, survival was prolonged and thepulmonary arterial hypertension was reversed by gene therapy withinhalation of an adenovirus carrying a survivin mutant withdominant-negative properties.

Survivin expression is upregulated in hyperproliferative neovasculature(Simosa, H. F. et al., J. Vase. Surg. 41:682-690, 2005). Survivin wasspecifically expressed in human other sclerotic plaque and stenotic veingrafts. In a rabbit model of hyperplasia after balloon injury ofiliofemoral arteries, treatment with a phosphorylation-defectivesurvivin mutant vector reduced the neointimal area. The correlationbetween survinin expression and regulation of a smooth muscle cellphenotype after vascular injury points to survivin as a target fortherapy in treating vascular disease.

Survivin is amenable to targeting by administration of a compounddisclosed herein via one or more of the routes as described herein.Without being bound by a particular mode of action, the compoundsdisclosed herein can be administered in the form of coated stents, forexample in connection with angioplasty. The methods for preparing coatedstents are described in the art and would be modified as needed for usewith the compounds of the invention. For example, U.S. Pat. No.7,097,850 discloses and teaches methods of coating a stent with avariety of bioactive compounds. U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,078 disclosesmethods of preparing a stent with at least one active ingredient. Bothcoronary and peripheral stents are amenable to incorporating one or morecompounds disclosed herein. Further teachings regarding drug-coatedstents is available in Grube, E. et al., Herz 29:162-6 (2004) and W. L.Hunter, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 58:347-9 (2006).

Bone marrow cells contribute to transplant-associated atherosclerosis(Sata, M., Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 13:249-253, 2003). Bone marrow cellsalso contribute to the pathogenesis of lesion formation after mechanicalvascular injury (Sata, M. et al., Nat. Med. 8:403-409, 2002). Thus, bytreating atherosclerosis and vascular damage with one of more compoundsof the invention, reduction in vascular lesion formation can beaccomplished.

Survivin also plays a role in vein graft hyperplasia (Wang, G. J. etal., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 25:2091-2087, 2005). Bypassgrafts often develop intimal hyperplasia, a fibroproliferative lesioncharacterized by intimal thickening. Rabbit vein grafts were treatedwith adenoviral survivin constructs. Transgene expression wasdemonstrated in all the adenovirus-treated grafts. Treatment with adominant negative mutant adenovirus decreased cellular proliferation inthe early phase of graft remodeling. The data provide evidence for animportant role of survivin in the regulation of vein graft remodeling inthis system as well, and further support a role for the compounds of theinvention in conjunction with bypass grafts.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a disease that occurs in some patientswith tuberous sclerosis complex (Moss, J. et al., Am. J. Respir. CritCare Med. 163:669-671, 2001).

Cystic lung disease in LAM is characterized by abnormal smooth musclecell proliferation. Compounds disclosed herein are expected to find usein regulating and alleviating the cell proliferation, thus moderatingthe clinical symptoms.

The Role of TGF-β

In pulmonary fibrosis, the normally thin lung tissue is replaced withthick, coarse scar tissue that impairs the flow of oxygen into the bloodand leads to a loss of lung function. A growing body of researchsuggests that excess TGF-β is the immediate cause of the fibrosis. Thisover-expression of TGF-β has been shown to cause pulmonary fibrosis inmice. An abnormally high TGF-β signal causes healthy epithelial cells inthe lung to die via apoptosis. Cell death leads to the replacement ofhealthy lung tissue by thick, poor functioning scar tissue. Apoptosis ofhealthy epithelial cells is required prior to the development ofpulmonary fibrosis (Elias et al). One form of treatment of fibrotic lungdisorders involves administering drugs that specifically inhibit TGF-β,which in turn blocks apoptosis, preventing the formation of fibrotictissue in the lung. However, for reasons discussed below, TGF-β itselfmay not be an ideal therapeutic target.

TGF-β is a member of the transforming growth factor-superfamily whichconsists of secreted polypeptide signaling molecules involved in cellproliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, deposition ofextracellular matrix (ECM) and cell adhesion. TGF-β is a potentinhibitor of cell growth, and has immunosuppressive properties. However,TGF-β also causes the deposition of ECM components leading to fibrosis.A role for TGF-β as a key mediator in the development of fibrosisrelates to its ability to act as a chemoattractant for fibroblasts,stimulate fibroblast procollagen gene expression/collagen proteinsynthesis, and inhibit collagen breakdown. TGF-β further stabilizes theECM by inhibiting the expression of ECM proteases and stimulating theexpression of ECM protease inhibitors. The fibrinolysis system isessential in ECM accumulation and fibrosis. Inhibition of fibrinolysisresults in the accumulation of fibrin and ECM. Plasminogen activatorinhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the key inhibitor of fibrinolysis. ThePAI-promoter contains several transcription factor binding sitesincluding an AP-1 and Smad binding elements that promote PAI-1 inductionby TGF-β. PAI-1 is the primary inhibitor of both tissue-type (TPA) andurokinase-type plasminogen (uPA) activator. Thus, TGF-β and PAI-1 workin tandem to produce the characteristic tissue of fibrosis.

In the bleomycin-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), mice in whichthe PAI-1 gene is deleted are protected from developing PF.Additionally, adenovirus-mediated transfer of the uPA gene to the lungsignificantly reduces the production of lung hydroxyproline andattenuated the bleomycin-induced increase in lung collagen, bothhallmarks of fibrosis. The TGF-β signaling pathway is complex. TGF-βfamily members bind to specific pairs of receptor serine/threoninekinases. Upon binding, the ligand acts to assemble two type I and twotype II receptors into a complex. The type II receptor phosphorylatesthe type I receptor that subsequently phosphorylates the intracellularsubstrates Smad 2 and Smad 3. This complex then binds Smad 4 andtranslocates to the nucleus for signal propagation. TGF-β can alsoactivate AP-1 transcription via the MAPK pathway. TGF-β may originallyact as a “healing molecule” in the lung or liver after initialinflammation and injury to the tissue. However, with continuedinflammation/injury the balance may be shifted to excessivefibroproliferation and ECM deposition, leading to an “endless healing”process and development of fibrosis. Thus, complete inhibition of TGF-βcould initially undermine the healing process.

TGF-β is highly expressed in airway epithelium and macrophages of smallairways in patients with COPD. Using anti-inflammatory therapies, suchas corticosteroids and interferon-γ, to treat PF has been disappointingdue to variable efficacy and significant adverse effects. Therefore, animportant goal is to identify small molecules that interact withpreviously identified molecular pathways (i.e. TGF-β signaling) involvedin the development of fibrosis to prevent the progression or reverse thefibrosis seen in patients.

Wnt Signaling and Human Disease

Vertebrate Wnt proteins are homologues of the Drosophila wingless geneand have been shown to play important roles in regulating celldifferentiation, proliferation, and polarity. Cadijan, K. M. et al.,Genes Dev. 11:3286-3305 (1997); Parr, B. A. et al., Curr. Opin. Genet.Dev. 4:523-528 (1994); Smalley, M. J. et al., Cancer Met. Rev.18:215-230 (1999); and Willert, K. et al., Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.8:95-102 (1998). Wnt proteins are cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteinsthat signal through at least three known pathways. The best understoodof these, commonly called the canonical pathway, involves binding of Wntproteins to frizzled cell surface receptors and low-density lipoproteincell surface co-receptors, thereby inhibiting glycogensynthase kinase313 (GSK-313) phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein β-catenin.This hypophosphorylated β-catenin is then translocated to the nucleus,where it binds to members of the LEF/TCF family of transcriptionfactors. Binding of β-catenin converts LEF/TCF factors from repressorsto activators, thereby switching on cell-specific gene transcription.The other two pathways that Wnt proteins can signal through eitheractivate calmodulin kinase II and protein kinase C (known as theWnt/Ca++ pathway) or jun N-terminal kinase (also known as the planarcell polarity pathway).

Several components of the Wnt pathway have been implicated intumorigenesis in humans and mice, and studies of those have in turnidentified a role for β-catenin. Wnt1 was first identified from aretroviral integration in mice that caused mammary tumors. Tsukamoto, A.S. et al., Cell 55:619-625 (1988); and Jue, S. F. et al., Mol. Cell.Biol. 12:321-328 (1992). Overexpression of protein kinase CK2 in themammary gland, which potentiates β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling, alsoincreases the incidence of mammary tumors in transgenic mice.Landesman-Bollag, E. et al., Oncogene 20:3247-3257 (2001); and Song, D.H. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:23790-23797 (2000). Gut epithelia hasrevealed the most extensive correlation between Wnt signaling andtumorigenesis. Several reports have described mutations in β-cateninitself in some colon tumors and these mutations occur in or near theGSK-313 phosphorylation sites. Polakis, P. et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.470:23-32 (1999); and Morin, P. J. et al., Science 275:1787-1790 (1997).Chilosi and colleagues (Chilosi, M. et al., Am. J. Pathol.162:1497-1502, 2003) investigated β-catenin mutations in IPF patientsbut did not identify any. This is consistent with a mechanism in whichthe aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway is a response and not a causeof IPF.

Lung Development and Wnt Signaling

In the mouse, the lung arises from the primitive foregut endodermstarting at approximately E9.5 during mouse development. (Warburton, D.et al., Mech. Dev. 92:55-81, 2000). This primitive epithelium issurrounded by mesodermally derived multipotent mesenchymal cells, whichin time will differentiate into several cell lineages includingbronchial and vascular smooth muscle, pulmonary fibroblasts, andendothelial cells of the vasculature. During gestation, the airwayepithelium evolves and grows through a process termed branchingmorphogenesis. This process results in the three-dimensional arborizednetwork of airways required to generate sufficient surface area forpostnatal respiration. Mouse embryonic lung development can be dividedinto at least four stages: embryonic (E9.5 to E12.5), pseudoglandular(E12.5 to E16.0), canalicular (E16.0 to E17.5), and saccular/alveolar(E17.5 to postnatal).

During development, epithelial-mesenchymal signaling plays an importantrole in the regulation of both epithelial and mesenchymal celldifferentiation and development. Several important signaling moleculesare expressed in the airway epithelium and signal to the adjacentmesenchyme including members of the bone morphogenetic family (BMP-4),transforming growth factor family (TGF-β1, -2), and sonic hedgehog(SHH). In turn, the mesenchyme expresses several signaling moleculessuch as FGF-7, -9, and -10, important for lung epithelial developmentand proliferation. Gain of function and loss of function experiments inmice have demonstrated an important role for each of these factors inregulating lung epithelial and mesenchymal proliferation anddifferentiation. Bellusci, S., et al., Development 1997, 124:4867-4878;Simonet, W. S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:12461-12465;Clark, J C., et al., Am. J. Physiol. 2001, 280:L705-L715; Min, R., etal., Genes Dev. 1998, 12:3156-3161; Motoyama, I., et al., Nat. Genet.1998, 20:54-57; Litingtung, Y, et al., Nat. Genet. 1998, 20:58-61;Pepicelli, C. V., et al., Curr. Biol. 1998, 8:1083-1086; Weaver, M., etal., Development 1999, 126:4005-4015.

Wnt signaling also plays a role during lung development. Several Wntgenes are expressed in the developing and adult lung including Wnt2,Wnt2b/13, Wnt7b, Wnt5a, and Wnt11. Kispert, A., et al., Development1996, 122:3627-3637; Lin, Y., et al., Dev. Dyn. 2001, 222:26-39;Monkley, S. l., et al., Development 1996, 122:3343-3353; Yamaguchi, T.P., et al., Development 1999, 126:1211-1223; Weidenfeld, J., et al., J.Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:21061-21070. Of these, Wnt5a and Wnt7b areexpressed at high levels exclusively in the developing airway epitheliumduring lung development. Wnt2, Wnt5a, and Wnt7b have been inactivatedthrough homologous recombination in mice. Wnt2-null mice do not displayan overt lung phenotype and Wnt5a null mice have late-stage lungmaturation defects, corresponding to expression of Wnt5a later in lungdevelopment. (Monkley, (1996); Li, C. et al., Dev. Biol. 248:68-81(2000). Inactivation of Wnt7b results in either early embryo demisebecause of defects in extra-embryonic tissues or perinatal demisebecause of defects in lung development. Parr, B. A., et al., Dev. Biol.237:324-332 (2001); Shu, W. et al., Development 129:4831-4842 (2002)).These lung defects include decreased mesenchymal proliferation, lunghypoplasia caused by reduced branching, and pulmonary vascular smoothmuscle defects leading to blood vessel hemorrhage in the lung (Shu, W.(2002)). Thus, Wnt signaling regulates important aspects of bothepithelial and mesenchymal development during gestation, likely throughboth autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms.

Accumulation of nuclear β-catenin has been observed in both epithelialand mesenchymal (myofibroblasts) cell lineages in adult human lung.Other reports support these observations during mouse lung development.(Tebar, R., et al., Mech. Dev. 109:437-440 (2001)). Type 2 pneumocytesappear to express high levels of β-catenin both in the embryo and in theadult. (Tebar, 2001). Type 2 cells are precursors of type 1 cells, whichform the thin diffusible stratum important for gas exchange in the lung.Type 2 cells have been shown to re-enter the cell cycle, grow, anddifferentiate into type 1 cells in some models of lungre-epithelialization. (Borok, Z. et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.12:50-55 (1995); Danto, S. l. et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.12:497-502 (1995)).

Importantly, type 2 cells proliferate excessively during idiopathicfibrosis (IPF) and other proliferative lung diseases, and increasednuclear β-catenin in these cells suggests that Wnt signaling regulatesthis proliferation. (Kawanami, O., et al., Lab. Invest. 46:39-53 (1982);Kasper, M. et al., Histol. Histopathol. 11:463-483 (1996)). Increasedproliferation of type 2 cells in IPF may also inhibit theirdifferentiation into type 1 cells because excessive proliferation isoften antagonistic to cellular differentiation. In this context, it isimportant to note that expression of certain important transcriptionaland signaling regulators in the lung decreases with gestational age.Forced overexpression of some of these such as BMP-4, GATA6, and Foxa2results in aberrant lung development that exhibits many aspects ofarrested lung epithelial maturity. (Weaver, 1999; Koutsourakis, M. etal., Mech. Dev. 105: 105-114, 2001; Zhou, L. et al., Dev. Dyn.210:305-314, 1997). Thus, a careful balance of the correct spatial andtemporal expression of certain regulatory genes is required for normallung development, and improper activation of these pathways can resultin severe defects in epithelial differentiation.

Nuclear β-catenin is found in the mesenchyme adjacent to the airwayepithelium (Chilosi, 2003), and this is significant especially becausethese cells appear to be myofibroblastic in nature and may contribute tobronchial and vascular smooth muscle in the lung. Although Wnt signalsin these mesenchymal cells could be autocrine in nature, it is just aslikely that the mesenchymal cells are responding to a paracrine signalfrom the airway epithelium where Wnts such as Wnt5a and Wnt7b areexpressed. In this way, the epithelium may be responsible for causingthe aberrant activation of Wnt signaling in adjacent mesenchyme, leadingto increased fibrosis and damage to the lung. This is particularlyrelevant because of the increase in the number of type 2 cells in theairways of IPF patients. This may also be reflective of a switch to anembryonic phenotype in the alveolus, where type 1 cells are rare. Inturn, this would result in an increase in expression of several genes,including Wnts such as Wnt7b, whose expression is dramaticallydown-regulated in postnatal development. (Weidenfeld, 2002; Shu, 2002.)The increased level of Wnts may inhibit the proper differentiation ofmore mature alveolar cells such as type 1 cells, impairing the repairprocess.

Because nuclear translocation of β-catenin is a result of Wnt signalingactivity, its presence in cells such as distal airway epithelium and inmesenchyme adjacent to airway. epithelium suggests thatepithelial-mesenchymal Wnt signaling is active and likely plays animportant role during both lung development and disease states such asIPF.

Regulation of Cell-Matrix Interactions by Wnt Signaling

A link has been shown between Wnt signaling and regulation ofcell-matrix interactions including cell adhesion and migration. Inparticular, Wnt signaling has been shown to affect cell motility andinvasiveness of melanoma cells. (Weeraratna, A. T. et al., Cancer Cell1:279-288 (2002)). In this system, melanoma cells overexpressing Wnt5adisplayed increased adhesiveness, which correlated to a reorganizedactin cytoskeleton (Weer, 2002). These data suggest that Wnt5aexpression correlates directly with the metastatic ability of melanomatumors. In IPF lung tissue (Chilosi, 2003), the important extracellularmatrix metalloproteinase matrilysin was overexpressed in some of thecells containing high levels of nuclear β-catenin. This is supported byprevious studies showing that matrilysin is a molecular target of Wntsignaling. (Crawford, H. C., Oncogene 18:2883-2891, 1999). Matrilysinhas been linked to a role in carcinogenesis both in intestinal andendometrial tumors.

Increased matrilysin expression strongly correlates with increasednuclear β-catenin expression and inhibition of this nucleartranslocation results in decreased matrilysin expression. (Crawford,1999). Without being bound by a specific hypothesis, the mechanism mayinvolve increased degradation of the extracellular matrix from increasedmatrilysin expression, leading to decreased cell adhesion and increasedcell motility. In IPF, this might reduce the ability of both epithelialand mesenchymal cells to properly restructure the alveolar architectureafter injury. In addition, extracellular matrix integrity may berequired for type 1 cell differentiation, because of their flattenedmorphology and the very large surface area that they cover in thealveolus. This process may contribute to an increase in type 2 cellproliferation, which in turn could decrease type 1 cell differentiation.

Wnt Signaling and IPF

Without being bound by a specific hypothesis, several models couldexplain the finding that Wnt signaling is aberrantly activated in IPF.First, unregulated activation of the Wnt signaling pathway could be aphysiological response to either lung injury or the repair process,possibly because of the requirement of the Wnt pathway for proliferationin cells such as type 2 alveolar epithelium and adjoiningmyofibroblasts. In this model, Wnt signaling should deactivate once therepair process is complete, leading to a return to normal proliferation.In the second model, aberrant Wnt signaling is the initiating eventleading to increased cell proliferation in type 2 cells, which mayinhibit their ability to differentiate into type 1 cells and restructurethe alveolar architecture properly. Either injury-induced or spontaneousmutations in certain components of the canonical Wnt pathway or inregulatory molecules that regulate this pathway may result in thisdysregulation of cell proliferation. The fact that nuclear β-catenin isup-regulated in other lung proliferative diseases suggests that theprevious data (Chilosi, 2003) may be a response and not a primarycausative event in IPF. Moreover, the unregulated proliferation in type2 cells and mesenchymal fibroblasts along with the increased presence ofnuclear β-catenin suggests that the Wnt pathway is continuouslystimulated in lung diseases such as IPF and that inhibitors of Wntsignaling may provide a means to control this proliferation. Increasednuclear β-catenin was detected in the mesenchyme adjacent to the airwayepithelium, described as myofibroblasts (Chilosi, 2003). Thesemyofibroblasts can induce apoptosis in neighboring epithelial cells invitro and in vivo, probably through degradation of the extracellularmatrix (Ubal, B. D. et al., Am. J. Physiol. 275:L1192-L1199, 1998; Dhal,B. D. et al., Am. J. Physiol. 269:L819-L822, 1995; Selman, M. et al.,Am. J. Physiol. 279:L562-L574, 2000). In addition, in IPF there appearsto be either a lack of re-epithelialization or an increase in type 2cells with little if any maturation of type 1 cells, leading to injuredareas with exposed mesodermal components or re-epithelialized withimmature type 2 cells. Since it has been demonstrated that type 2 cellsexpress high levels of TGF-β1, which is a profibrotic cytokine, in IPFeither scenario would inhibit the proper re-epithelialization of theseinjured areas, causing more fibrosis (Kapanci, Y., et al., Am. J.Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:2163-2169, 1995; Khalil, N., et al., Am. 1.Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 5: 155-162, 1991). This process could gounchecked and eventually lead to massive changes in tissue architecture,eventual tissue destruction, and loss of lung function.

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a 36 to 38 kD cysteine-richpeptide containing 349 amino acids. It belongs to the CCN (CTGF, cyr61/cef 10, nov) family of growth factors. The gene for CTGF wasoriginally cloned from a human umbilical endothelial cell cDNA library.CTGF has been detected in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cartilaginouscells, smooth muscle cells, and some cancer cell lines. Earlier studiesrevealed that TGF-β1 increases CTGF mRNA markedly in human foreskinfibroblasts. PDGF, EGF, and FGF were also shown to induce CTGFexpression, but their effects were only transient and weak.

Connective tissue growth factor has diverse bioactivities. Depending oncell types, CTGF was shown to trigger mitogenesis, chemotaxis, ECMproduction, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. In earlier studies, CTGF wasnoted to have mitogenic and chemotactic effects on fibroblasts. CTGF wasalso reported to enhance the mRNA expression of α1(I) collagen,fibronectin, and as integrin in fibroblasts. The finding that TGF-βincreases CTGF synthesis and that TGF-β and CTGF share many functions isconsistent with the hypothesis that CTGF is a downstream mediator ofTGF-β.

The mechanism by which CTGF exerts its effects on cells, especially itssignal transduction, is still unclear. CTGF was reported to bind to thesurface of fibroblasts with high affinity, and this binding was competedwith recombinant PDGF BB. This suggests that CTGF binds to a certainclass of PDGF receptors, or that there is some cross reactivity of PDGFBB with CTGF receptors.

Connective tissue growth factor mRNA has been detected in fibroblasts ofsclerotic lesions of patients with systemic sclerosis. In patients withlocalized scleroderma, CTGF mRNA was detected in fibroblasts in tissuesfrom sclerotic stage more than the inflammatory stage, which suggests aclose correlation between CTGF and fibrosis. Similar results were alsoobtained in keloid and other fibrotic diseases. Subsequently, expressionof CTGF has been reported in a variety of fibrosis, such as liverfibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and heart fibrosis.

CTGF is also implicated in dermal fibrosis of scleroderma. However, thedetailed role of CTGF in fibrosis is still unclear. Further studies areneeded to clarify this point.

The CCN family comprises cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61/CCN1), connectivetissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), nephroblastoma overexpressed(NOV/CCN3), and Wnt-induced secreted proteins-1 (WISP-1/CCN4), -2(WISP-2/CCN5) and -3 (WISP-3/CCN6). These proteins stimulate mitosis,adhesion, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, growth arrest andmigration of multiple cell types. Many of these activities probablyoccur through the ability of CCN proteins to bind and activate cellsurface integrins.

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been identified as apotential target of Wnt and BMP signaling. It has been confirmed bymicroarray results, and demonstrated that CTGF was up-regulated at theearly stage of B:MP9 and Wnt3A stimulations and that Wnt3A-regulatedCTGF expression was β-catenin-dependent.

Each of the above conditions can benefit from treatment with one or morecompounds of the present invention. Each of the types of fibrosisdescribed above can be treated with one or more compounds of the presentinvention.

The following non-limiting examples illustrate the compounds,compositions, and methods of use of this invention.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be further specifically explained withreference to examples. However, the scope of the present invention isnot limited to the following examples. In the examples, for thin layerchromatography (TLC), Precoated Silica Gel 60 F254 (produced by Merck,product number: 5715-1M) was used. After development withchloroform:methanol (1:0 to 1:1) or ethyl acetate:hexane (1:0 to 0:1),spots were observed by UV irradiation (254 nm) or color development withninhydrine or phosphomoribdic acid solution in ethanol. For dryingorganic solvent, anhydrous magnesium sulfate or anhydrous sodium sulfatewas used. As for column chromatography, the indication of “Buch” meansuse of Buch sepacore preparative chromatography system (produced byBuch), and one or several columns selected from cartridge columnsSi6M-12×75 mm, 12×150 mm, 40×75 mm and 40×150 mm produced by the samemanufacturer depending on the amount of sample. As for columnchromatography, the indication of “Purif” means use of Moritex Purifpreparative chromatography system (produced by Moritex), and one orseveral columns selected from cartridge columns 20, 35, 60, 200 and 400produced by the same manufacturer were used depending on the amount ofsample. For flash column chromatography, Silica gel 60N (sphericalshape, neutral, 40 to 100 μm, produced by Kanto Chemicals) was used.Preparative thin layer chromatography (hereinafter abbreviated as“PTLC”) was performed by using one or several plates of PLC Plate SilicaGel 60 F254 (20×20 cm, thickness: 2 mm, concentration zone: 4 cm,produced by Merck, product number: 13793-1M) were used depending on theamount of sample.

The indication of “LCMS” means that mass spectrum was measured by liquidchromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Platform-LC type massspectrometry apparatus ZQ2000 (produced by Micromass) was used as themass spectrometer, and the measurement was performed by the electrosprayionization (ESI) method. As a liquid chromatography apparatus, anapparatus produced by waters was used. As a separation column, DevelosilC30-UG-5 (50×4.6 mm, Nomura Kagaku Co., Ltd.) for method “A” or AgilentZOBAX SB-C (2.1×50 mm, Agilent) in the tables mentioned below was used.Elution was performed at a flow rate of 1 ml/minute, and SolutionA=water [containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid] and Solution B=acetonitrile[containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid] for method “A” were used assolvents.

In the tables mentioned below, data indicated by “RT” mean data ofliquid chromatography retention time. In the columns of “Mass”, data ofmass spectrometry were shown (the indication “N.D” means that nomolecular ion peak was detected). In the columns of “method”, elutionconditions of the liquid chromatography are described. For theindication of retention time in the liquid chromatography, theindication “A” for elution condition means that measurement wasperformed by elution with a linear gradient of 5 to 100% (v/v) SolutionB from 0 minute to 5 minutes and then with 100% Solution B until 6minutes.

In the tables, the compounds having inhibitory activity more than 50% atthe concentration of 10 microM (μM) determined by reporter gene assayare shown below.

Reporter Gene Assay

Screening for inhibitory action of the Wnt signaling pathway was carriedout according to the following procedure using the stably transfectedcell line Hek-293, STF1.1

-   Growth Medium: DMEM, 10% FBS, Pen-Strep, supplemented with 400 μg/mL    G418 to maintain selection of SuperTOPFLASH driven Luciferase gene-   1. On the day prior to assay, split cells into a white opaque    96-well plate at 20,000 cells per well in 200 μl of complete growth    medium 2. Incubate the plate overnight at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and allow    the cells to attach-   3. Next day, prepare the inhibitors to be tested in complete growth    medium, without G418, at 2× the desired final concentration (all    conditions are done in duplicates)-   4. Carefully remove the old medium from each well using a multiple    pipettor-   5. Add 50 μl of fresh growth medium (without G148) containing the    inhibitor to each well-   6. Be sure to include 2 wells containing medium only, 2 wells for    stimulation control, 2 wells for DMSO control, and wells for the    positive control ICG-001 (2, 5, and 10 micromolar)-   7. Once all inhibitors and controls are added, incubate the plate    for 1 hour at 37° C., 5% CO₂-   8. While plate is incubating, prepare fresh 20 mM LiCl in complete    growth medium (without G418)-   9. After 1 hour, remove plate from incubator and add 50 μl of the    medium containing 20 mM LiCl to each well, except for the two wells    of the unstimulated control (add 50 μl of just complete medium)-   10. Incubate the plate for 24 hours at 37° C., 5% CO₂-   11. After 24 hours, add 100 μl of BrightGlo (Promega, Cat. #: G7573)    to each well-   12. Shake plate for 5 minutes to ensure complete lysis-   13. Read plate on the Packard TopCount

Many compounds of the Examples showed inhibitory activity. For example,the compounds of Examples I-2, I-253, I-254, I-255, I-257, I-259 andI-260 showed inhibitory activity of not less than 1% not more than 50%less than 50% at the concentration of 10 μM. In addition, the compoundsof Examples I-4, I-250, I-251, I-252, I-261, I-262, I-268, I-270 andI-271 showed excellent inhibitory activity of not less than 50% at theconcentration of 10 μM.

Example XXXVIII-1 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (Compound XXXVIII-1)

To a solution of N-methoxy-N-methylamine hydrochloride 21.95 g (225mmol) in 1N sodium hydroxide 225 ml, a solution of(S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)propanoic acid 33.48 g (150 mmol) and4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride 62.26g (225 mmol) in acetonitrile 225 ml was added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate 600ml and washed with water 300 ml and brine 300 ml. The organic phase wasdried over magnesium sulfate and filtered and the mother solution wasconcentrated in vacuo to obtain the title compound 42 g (93%).

Example XX-1 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl 1,1-diethoxypropan-2-ylcarbamate(Compound XX-1)

To a solution of (S)-benzyl1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (Compound XXXVIII-1)5.33 g (20.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran 40 ml, a 2M solution of lithiumaluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran 10 ml was added at 0° C. for 0.5 hr.The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Thereaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and saturated ammonium chloride aq.10 ml was added drop wisely. The precipitate was filtered on celite andwashed with methanol 50 ml. The mother solution was concentrated invacuo and the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate 200 ml and washedwith water 100 ml and brine 100 ml. The organic phase was dried overmagnesium sulfate and filtered and the mother solution was concentratedin vacuo. The residue was diluted in ethanol 50 ml and the mixture wasadded to 4N hydrochloric acid in dioxane 0.25 ml. The reaction mixturewas refluxed for 18 hours and concentrated in vacuo. The residue wasdiluted with ethyl acetate 200 ml and washed with saturated sodiumbicarbonate 200 ml and brine 200 ml. The organic phase was dried overmagnesium sulfate and filtered and the mother solution was concentratedin vacuo. The residue was purified on silica gel column chromatography(n-hexane:ethyl acetate=100:0 to 80:20) to obtain the title compound3.55 g (63%, 2 steps).

Example XIV-1 Synthesis of (S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-amine (CompoundXIV-1)

To a solution of (S)-benzyl 1,1-diethoxypropan-2-ylcarbamate (CompoundXX-1) 844 mg (3.00 mmol) in methanol 50 ml, 5% palladium on carbon 30 mgwas added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hoursunder hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered on celiteand washed with methanol 200 ml and the mother solution was concentratedin vacuo to obtain the title compound 442 mg (100%).

Example IV-1 Synthesis of N-benzyl-2,2-diethoxyethanamine (CompoundIV-1)

A solution of benzaldehyde 5.1 ml (50.0 mmol) in 2,2-diethoxyethanamine10.9 ml (75.0 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour. Thereaction mixture was diluted with tetrahydrofuran 450 ml andtriacetoxyborohydride 32.0 g (150 mmol) was added and the mixture wasstirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate500 ml and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate 500 ml, water 500 mland brine 500 ml. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate andfiltered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified on silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethylacetate=70:30 to 50:50) to obtain the title compound 7.8 g (yield 70%).

The following compounds shown in Table I were obtained by a similarmethod to described above.

TABLE I yield Example No. structure chemical name (%) IV-2

2,2-diethoxy-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)ethanamine 68 IV-3

2,2-diethoxy-N-(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)ethanamine 100 IV-4

N-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)-2,2- diethoxyethanamine 86 IV-5

2,2-diethoxy-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)ethanamine 44 IV-6

N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-2,2-diethoxyethanamine 36

Example IV-7 Synthesis of N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3-methylbutan-1-amine(Compound IV-7)

To a solution of 2,2-diethoxyethanamine 2.91 ml (20 mmol) inacetonitrile 50 ml, potassium carbonate 2.0 g (15 mmol) and a solutionof isoamylbromide 1.26 ml (10 mmol) in acetonitrile 20 ml were added andthe mixture was stirred at 65° C. overnight. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate 100ml and washed with water 100 ml and brine 100 ml. The organic phase wasdried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentratedin vacuo and the residue was purified on Bach silica gel columnchromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=90:10 to 80:20) to obtain thetitle compound 1.57 g (77%).

The following compounds shown in Table II were obtained by a similarmethod to described above.

TABLE II yield Example No. structure chemical name (%) IV-8 

2,2-diethoxy-N-phenethylethanamine 94 IV-9 

N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3-phenylpropan-1-amine 27 IV-10

N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3,3-diphenylpropan-1-amine 61 IV-11

2,2-diethoxy-N-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)ethanamine 78 IV-12

tert-butyl 4-((2,2- diethoxyethylamino)methyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylcarbamate 85

Example IV-13 Synthesis of (R)-2,2-diethoxy-N-(1-phenylethyl)ethanamine(Compound IV-13)

To a solution of (R)-(+)-1-phenylethylamine 66.6 g (550 mmol) inacetonitrile 300 ml, 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 41.3 ml (270 mmol) andpotassium carbonate 70.7 g (405 mmol) were added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate 300ml and washed with water 500 ml and brine 500 ml. The organic phase wasdried with magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentratedin vacuo and the residue was purified on silica gel columnchromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1 and 1:1) to obtain the titlecompound 46.0 g (70%).

The following compound shown in Table III was obtained by a similarmethod to that described above.

TABLE III yield Example No. structure chemical name (%) IV-14

2,2-diethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethanamine 65

Example IV-15 Synthesis of (S)—N-benzyl-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-amine(Compound IV-15)

To a solution of (S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-amine (Compound XIV-1) 682 mg(3.55 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran 2 ml, benzaldehyde 337 mg (3.55 mmol) wasadded and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour. Thereaction mixture was diluted with tetrahydrofuran 3 ml and sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride 829 mg (3.91 mmol) was added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with ethyl acetate 50 ml and washed with saturated sodiumbicarbonate aq. 50 ml twice, water 50 ml twice and brine 50 ml twice.The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered and themother solution was concentrated in vacuo to obtain the title compound826 mg (98%).

The following compounds shown in Table IV were obtained by a similarmethod to that described above.

TABLE IV yield Example No. structure chemical name (%) IV-16

(S)-1,1-diethoxy-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)propan-2- amine 67 IV-17

(S)-1,1-diethoxy-N-(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)propan-2- amine 91 IV-18

(S)-N-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)-1,1- diethoxypropan-2-amine 97

Example XV-1 Synthesis of (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-(benzyl(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (CompoundXV-1)

To a solution of(S)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)propanoic acid 1.98 g(6.0 mmol), a solution of 1-hydroxybenzotriazol 1.01 g (7.5 mmol) and1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide 1.44 g (7.5 mmol) indichloromethane 20 ml, and a solution of N-benzyl-2,2-diethoxyethanamine(Compound IV-1) 1.12 g (5.0 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine 61 mg (0.5mmol) in dichloromethane 5 ml were added and the mixture was stirred atroom temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate 20 ml and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate 20ml, water 20 ml and brine 20 ml. The organic phase was dried overmagnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuoand the residue was purified on silica gel column chromatography(n-hexane:ethyl acetate=90:10 to 70:30) to obtain the title compound 1.1g (yield 42%).

The following compounds shown in Tables V-1 to V-4 were obtained by asimilar method to that described above. In the Tables, “Int_(—)1” meansan intermediate compound number and “Int_X” is corresponding tocarboxylic acid.

TABLE V-1 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_1 Int_X XV-2(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-(benzyl(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)- 85 IV-1Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH 3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-3N-Benzyl-N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)- 84 IV-1Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH 2-(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonylaminohexamideXV-4 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1((2,2- 55 IV-2Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHdiethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2- ylcarbamateXV-5 (S)-tert-butyl 3-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4- 44IV-2 Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-4- oxobutanoate XV-6(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1((2,2- 80 IV-3Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHdiethoxyethyl)(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2- ylcarbamateXV-7 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(quinolin-8- 31IV-3 Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OHylmethyl)amino)-1,4-dioxo-4-(tritylamino)butan-2-ylcarbamate XV-8(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((benzo[b]thiophen-3- 66 IV-4 Fmoc-Ala-OHylmethyl)(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-9(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((benzo[b]thiophen-3- 71 IV-4Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHylmethyl)(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-10 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 71 IV-7 Fmoc-Ala-OH(isopentyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-11(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1((2,2- 64 IV-7Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHdiethoxyethyl)(isopentyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-12(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1- 65 IV-7Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH ((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(isopentyl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylcarbamate XV-13 (S)-tert-butyl3-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl9H-fluoren-9-yl) 65 IV-7 Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OHmethoxy)carbonylamino)-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(isopentyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate XV-14 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 65 IV-7 Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH(isopentyl)amino)-1,4-dioxo-4-(tritylamino) butan-2-ylcarbamate XV-15(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-tert-butoxy-1- 75 IV-7 Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(isopentyl)amino)-1- oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-16(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 69 IV-7 Fmoc-Leu-OH(isopentyl)amino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2- ylcarbamate

TABLE V-2 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_1 Int_X XV-17(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 2-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 62 IV-7 Fmoc-Phg-OH(isopentyl)amino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate XV-18(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 76 IV-7 Fmoc-Phe-OH(isopentyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2- ylcarbamate XV-19(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 75 IV-7 Fmoc-Hph-OH(isopentyl)amino)-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2- ylcarbamate XV-20(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-1-((2,2- 57 IV-7Fmoc-Ser(Bzl)-OHdiethoxyethyl)(isopentyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-21(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 61 IV-7Fmoc-Ala(1-Naph)-OH (isopentyl)amino)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-22 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 53 IV-7 Fmoc-Ala(2-Naph)-OH(isopentyl)amino)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1- oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-23(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 45 IV-8 Fmoc-Ala-OH(phenethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-24(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1((2,2- 68 IV-8Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHdiethoxyethyl)(phenethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-25(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1- 72 IV-8Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH ((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(phenethyl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylcarbamate XV-26 (S)-tert-butyl3-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl9H-fluoren-9- 57 IV-8 Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OHyl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(phenethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate XV-27(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2- 50 IV-8 Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OHdiethoxyethyl)(phenethyl)amino)-1,4-dioxo-4-(tritylamino)butan-2-ylcarbamate XV-28 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl3-tert-butoxy-1- 79 IV-8 Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(phenethyl) amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-29(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 79 IV-8 Fmoc-Leu-OH(phenethyl)amino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2- ylcarbamate XV-30(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 65 IV-8 Fmoc-Hph-OH(phenethyl)amino)-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2- ylcarbamate XV-31(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-1-((2,2- 61 IV-9Fmoc-Ser(Bzl)-OH diethoxyethyl)(3-phenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate

TABLE V-3 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_1 Int_X XV-32(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 65 IV-9Cbz-Ala(1-Naph)-OH (3-phenylpropyl)amino)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-33 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 84 IV-9 Cbz-Ala(2-Naph)-OH(3-phenylpropyl)amino)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1- oxopropan-2-ylcarbamateXV-34 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 82 IV-10Fmoc-Ala-OH (3,3-diphenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-35(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1 77 IV-10Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH ((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3-diphenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-36 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1- 63 IV-10 Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3-diphenylpropyl)amino)-1- oxohexan-2-ylcarbamateXV-37 (S)-tert-butyl 3-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl9H-fluoren-9- 71 IV-10Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3-diphenylpropyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate XV-38 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3- 68 IV-10 Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OHdiphenylpropyl)amino)-1,4-dioxo-4-(tritylamino)butan-2- ylcarbamateXV-39 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3- 84 IV-10Fmoc-Leu-OH diphenylpropyl)amino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-ylcarbamateXV-40 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 2((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3- 90 IV-10Fmoc-Phg-OH diphenylpropyl)amino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate XV-41(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3- 88 IV-10Fmoc-Phe-OH diphenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamateXV-42 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-1-((2,2- 89 IV-10Fmoc-Ser(Bzl)-OH diethoxyethyl)(3,3-diphenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-43 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 89IV-10 Fmoc-Ala(1-Naph)-OH(3,3-diphenylpropyl)amino)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-44 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3- 91 IV-10 Fmoc-Ala(2-Naph)-OHdiphenylpropyl)amino)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1- oxopropan-2-ylcarbamateXV-45 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl) 92 IV-11Fmoc-Ala-OH (naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan- 2-ylcarbamateXV-46 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)- 85 IV-11Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH 1((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate

TABLE V-4 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_1 Int_X XV-47(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1- 76 IV-11Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylcarbamate XV-48 (S)-tert-butyl3-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl9H-fluoren-9- 74 IV-11 Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OHyl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate XV-49 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2- 67 IV-11 Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OHylmethyl)amino)-1,4-dioxo-4-(tritylamino)butan-2-ylcarbamate XV-50(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 3-tert-butoxy-1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2- 75 IV-11Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH ylcarbamate XV-51 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2- 77 IV-11 Fmoc-Leu-OHylmethyl)amino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-ylcarbamate XV-52(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 2-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2- 82IV-11 Fmoc-Phg-OH ylmethyl)amino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate XV-53(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2- 86IV-11 Fmoc-Phe-OH ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamateXV-54 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2-79 IV-11 Fmoc-Hph-OH ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-ylcarbamateXV-55 (S)-tert-butyl 4-((2-(9H-fluoren-9-yl) 100 IV 12 Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHmethoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)propanamido)methyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2- ylcarbamate XV-56(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1- 87 IV-13Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH ((2,2-diethoxyethyl)((R)-1-phenylethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-57 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1- 76 IV-5 Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-58 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1- 90 IV-14 Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-59 (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1- 36 IV-6 Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(2,4-difluorobenzyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate

Example XV-60 Synthesis of (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl(S)-1-((S)-(1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)(benzyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate(Compound XV-60)

To a solution of(S)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)propanoic acid 68 mg(0.22 mmol) and O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate 84 mg (0.22 mmol) in dichloromethane 1 ml, asolution of (S)—N-benzyl-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-amine (Compound IV-15) 47mg (0.2 mmol) and N,N′-diisopropylethylamine 38 ml (0.22 mmol) indichloromethane 1 ml was added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate 50 ml and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate 50ml, water 50 ml and brine 50 ml. The organic phase was dried overmagnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuoand the residue was purified on silica gel column chromatography(n-hexane:ethyl acetate=9:1 to 7:3) to obtain the title compound 48 mg(45%).

The following compounds shown in Table VI were obtained by a similarmethod to that described above. In the Table, “Int_(—)1” means anintermediate compound number and “Int_X” is corresponding to carboxylicacid.

TABLE VI Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_1 Int_X XV-61(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-1-(benzyl((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 77 IV-15Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHyl)amino)-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-62(S)-tert-butyl 3-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4- 52 IV-15Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH(benzyl((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate XV-63(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-1-(((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 32 IV-16Fmoc-Ala-OH yl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamateXV-64 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1-(((S)-1,1-79 IV-16 Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHdiethoxypropan-2-yl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-65 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl(S)-6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1- 22 IV-16 Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH(((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylcarbamate XV-66 (S)-tert-butyl3-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4- 35 IV-16Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH(((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate XV-67 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl(S)-1-(((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 42 IV-17 Fmoc-Ala-OHyl)(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-68(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1-(((S)-1,1- 68IV-17 Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHdiethoxypropan-2-yl)(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-69 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl(S)-6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1- 65 IV-17 Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH(((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylcarbamate XV-70 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl(S)-1-(((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 44 IV-17 Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OHyl)(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)amino)-1,4-dioxo-4-(tritylamino)butan-2-ylcarbamate XV-71 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-1-((benzo[b]thiophen-3- 61IV-18 Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OHylmethyl)((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate XV-72 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl(S)-6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1- 59 IV-18 Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH((benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-ylcarbamate XV-73 (S)-tert-butyl3-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4- 40 IV-18Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH((benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate XV-74 (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl(S)-1-((benzo[b]thiophen-3- 35 IV-18 Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OHylmethyl)((S)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-1,4-dioxo-4-(tritylamino)butan-2-ylcarbamate

Example VI-1 Synthesis of(S)-2-amino-N-benzyl-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)propanamide (Compound VI-1)

To (S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl1-(benzyl(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (CompoundXV-1) 1.12 g (2.1 mmol), 25%-piperidine/dichloromethane 16 ml was addedand the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified on silicagel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=100:0 to 70:30,chloroform:methanol=100:0 to 80:20) to obtain the title compound 640 mg(yield 100%).

The following compounds shown in Tables VII-1 to VII-4 were obtained bya similar method to that described above. In the Tables, “Int_(—)1”means an intermediate compound number.

TABLE VII-1 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int _1 VI-2(S)-2-amino-N-benzyl-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl) 91XV-2 propanamide VI-3 (S)-tert-butyl5-amino-6-(benzyl(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)-6- 100 XV-3 oxohexylcarbamateVI-4 (S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 100XV-4 (naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)propanamide VI-5 (S)-tert-butyl3-amino-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl) 87 XV-5amino)-4-oxobutanoate VI-6(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 20 XV-6(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)propanamide VI-7(S)-2-amino-N1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N1-(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)-N4- 77 XV-7tritylsuccinamide VI-8(S)-2-amino-N-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)-N-(2,2- 81 XV-8diethoxyethyl)propanamide VI-9(S)-2-amino-N-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)-3-(4-tert- 60 XV-9butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)propanamide VI-10(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentylpropanamide 86 XV-10 VI-11(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 98 XV-11isopentylpropanamide VI-12 (S)-tert-butyl5-amino-6-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(isopentyl)amino)-6- 98 XV-12oxohexylcarbamate VI-13 (S)-tert-butyl3-amino-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(isopentyl)amino)-4- 83 XV-13 oxobutanoateVI-14 (S)-2-amino-N1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N1-isopentyl-N4- 85 XV-14tritylsuccinamide VI-15(S)-2-amino-3-tert-butoxy-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentylpropanamide72 XV-15 VI-16 (S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentyl-4- 74 XV-16methylpentanamide VI-17(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentyl-2-phenylacetamide 88 XV-17VI-18 (S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentyl-3-phenylpropanamide85 XV-18 VI-19(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentyl-4-phenylbutanamide 83XV-19 VI-20 (S)-2-amino-3-(benzyloxy)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 76 XV-20isopentylpropanamide

TABLE VII-2 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_1 VI-21(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentyl-3-(naphthalen-1-yl) 90XV-21 propanamide VI-22(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-isopentyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl) 90XV-22 propanamide VI-23(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-phenethylpropanamide 83 XV-23 VI-24(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 86 XV-24phenethylpropanamide VI-25 (S)-tert-butyl5-amino-6-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(phenethyl)amino)-6- 91 XV-25oxohexylcarbamate VI-26 (S)-tert-butyl3-amino-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(phenethyl)amino)-4- 73 XV-26 oxobutanoateVI-27 (S)-2-amino-N1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N1-phenethyl-N4- 60 XV-27tritylsuccinamide VI-28(S)-2-amino-3-tert-butoxy-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 79 XV-28phenethylpropanamide VI-29 (S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-4-methyl-N-88 XV-29 phenethylpentanamide VI-30(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-phenethyl-4-phenylbutanamide 83XV-30 VI-31 (S)-2-amino-3-(benzyloxy)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3- 75XV-31 phenylpropyl)propanamide VI-34(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl) 89 XV-34propanamide VI-35(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3- 85XV-35 diphenylpropyl)propanamide VI-36 (S)-tert-butyl5-amino-6-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3-diphenylpropyl)amino)- 78 XV-366-oxohexylcarbamate VI-37 (S)-tert-butyl3-amino-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3,3-diphenylpropyl) 66 XV-37amino)-4-oxobutanoate VI-38(S)-2-amino-N1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-N4- 65 XV-38tritylsuccinamide VI-39(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4- 87 XV-39methylpentanamide VI-40(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-2- 85 XV-40phenylacetamide VI-41(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-3- 79 XV-41phenylpropanamide

TABLE VII-3 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_l VI-42(S)-2-amino-3-(benzyloxy)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3- 78 XV-42diphenylpropyl)propanamide VI-43(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-3- 98 XV-43(naphthalen-1-yl)propanamide VI-44(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-3- 92 XV-44(naphthalen-2-yl)propanamide VI-45(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(naphthalen-2- 85 XV-45ylmethyl)propanamide VI-46(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 72 XV-46(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)propanamide VI-47 (S)-tert-butyl5-amino-6-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2- 68 XV-47ylmethyl)amino)-6-oxohexylcarbamate VI-48 (S)-tert-butyl3-amino-4-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(naphthalen-2- 65 XV-48ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate VI-49(S)-2-amino-N1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N1-(naphthalen-2- 58 XV-49ylmethyl)-N4-tritylsuccinamide VI-50(S)-2-amino-3-tert-butoxy-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(naphthalen-2- 67XV-50 ylmethyl)propanamide VI-51(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-4-methyl-N-(naphthalen-2- 79 XV-51ylmethyl)pentanamide VI-52(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2- 81 XV-52phenylacetamide VI-53(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-3- 74 XV-53phenylpropanamide VI-54(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-4- 74 XV-54phenylbutanamide VI-55 (S)-tert-butyl44(2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2- 99 XV-55diethoxyethyl)propanamido)methyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylcarbamate VI-56(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N- 97 XV-56(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-((R)- 1-phenylethyl)propanamide VI-57(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 97 XV-57(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)propanamide VI-58(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N- 97 XV-58(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)propanamide VI-59(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N- 100 XV-59(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(2,4- difluorobenzyl)propanamide VI-60(S)-2-amino-N-benzyl-N-((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 84 XV-60yl)propanamide

TABLE VII-4 Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int _1 VI-61(S)-2-amino-N-benzyl-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-((R)-1,1- 82 XV-61diethoxypropan-2-yl)propanamide VI-62 (S)-tert-butyl3-amino-4-(benzyl((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 87 XV-62yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate VI-63(S)-2-amino-N-((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)-N-(naphthalen-1- 83 XV-63ylmethyl)propanamide VI-64(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-((R)-1,1- 68 XV-64diethoxypropan-2-yl)-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl) propanamide VI 65tert-butyl (S)-5-amino-6-(((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 100 XV-65yl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-6-oxohexylcarbamate VI 66(S)-tert-butyl 3-amino-4-(((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2- 100 XV-66yl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate VI-67(S)-2-amino-N-((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)-N- 86 XV-67(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)propanamide VI-68(S)-2-amino-3-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)-N-((S)-1, 100 XV-681-diethoxypropan-2-yl)-N- (quinolin-8-ylmethyl)propanamide VI-69tert-butyl (S)-5-amino-6-(((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl) 87 XV-69(quinolin-8-ylmethyl)amino)-6-oxohexylcarbamate VI-70(S)-2-amino-N1-((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)-N1-(quinolin-8- 68 XV-70ylmethyl)-N4-tritylsuccinamide VI-71(S)-2-amino-N-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)-3-(4-tert- 72 XV-71butoxyphenyl)-N-((R)-1,1-diethoxypropan-2-yl)propanamide VI-72tert-butyl (S)-5-amino-6-((benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)((R)-1,1- 74XV-72 diethoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-6-oxohexylcarbamate VI-73(S)-tert-butyl 3-amino-4-((benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)((R)-1,1- 69XV-73 diethoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate VI-74(S)-2-amino-N1-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)-N1-((S)-1,1- 57 XV-74diethoxypropan-2-yl)-N4-tritylsuccinamide

Example VI-32 Synthesis of(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-N-(3-phenylpropyl)propanamide(Compound VI-32)

To a solution of (S)-benzyl 1-((2,2-diethoxyethyl)(3-phenylpropyl)amino)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate(Compound XV-32) 21.4 g (36.8 mmol) in methanol 200 ml, 10% of palladiumon carbon (8 g) was added, then the mixture was stirred at H₂ atmosphereovernight. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated toobtain the title compound 14.5 g (yield 88%).

The following compound shown in Table VIII was obtained by a similarmethod to that described above. In the Table, “Int_(—)1” means anintermediate compound number.

TABLE VIII Example yield No. chemical name (%) Int_1 VI-33(S)-2-amino-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3- 85 XV-33(naphthalen-2-yl)-N-(3-phenylpropyl) propanamide

Example V-1 Synthesis of 3-(3-benzylureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid(Compound V-1)

To a solution of methyl 3-amino-thiophene-2-carboxylate 9.43 g (60 mmol)in acetonitrile 12 ml, 2N-sodium hydroxide 36 ml (72 mmol) was added andthe mixture was stirred for 5 hrs. at 85° C. The reaction mixture wasneutralized with 2N-hydrochloric acid 36 ml (72 mmol), then saturatedsodium bicarbonate solution 50 ml and a solution of benzyl isocyanate7.41 ml (60 mmol) in acetonitrile 36 ml were added and the mixture wasstirred overnight. The reaction mixture was basified with 2N-sodiumhydroxide 60 ml and washed with ether 100 ml. The aqueous phase wasacidified with 2N-hydochloric acid 85 ml. The aqueous phase was filteredand washed with H₂O. The solid was dried in vacuo to obtain the titlecompound 6.46 g (yield 39%)

The following compounds shown in Table IX were obtained by a similarmethod to that described above.

TABLE IX yield Example No. structure chemical name (%) V-2

3-(3-ethylureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 15 V-17

(R)-1-(3-benzylureido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 23 V-18

(S)-1-(3-benzylureido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 27 V-19

2-(3-benzylureido)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid 64 V-20

2-(3-benzylureido)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid 32 V-21

1-(3-benzylureido)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 92 V-22

3-(3-benzylureido)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid 29 V-23

3-(3-benzylureido)isonicotinic acid 25

Example V-3 Synthesis of3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)ureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (CompoundV-3)

To a solution of methyl 3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate 20.0 g (0.127mol) in water 150 ml was added the aqueous solution of potassiumhydroxide 10.7 g (0.191 mol). The resulting solution wad heated to 90°C. for 2 hrs. After being checked by TLC till the starting material wasconsumed, the reaction solution was cooled to 0° C. Then a solution oftriphosgene 18.9 g (0.064 mol) in toluene 150 ml was added dropwise. Theresulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. Theresidue was filtered, and the solid was recrystallized fromtetrahydrofuran to obtain 1H-thieno[3,2-d][1,3]oxazine-2,4-dione 8.5 g(yield 40%).

A solution of the above compound 1.01 g (6.0 mmol) and 4-picolylamine731 μl (7.2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran 20 ml was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 hrs. After being checked by TLC, the precipitate wasfiltered, and washed with tetrahydrofuran 20 ml to obtain the titlecompound 1.47 g (yield 88%).

The following compounds shown in Table X were obtained by a similarmethod to that described above. In the Table, “Int_(—)1” means anintermediate compound number.

TABLE X yield Example No. structure chemical name (%) Int_1 V-4 

3-(3-(4-chlorobenzyl)ureido)thiophene-2- carboxylic acid 66 XLVIII-1V-5 

3-(3-(naphthalen-1- ylmethyl)ureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 60XLVIII-1 V-6 

3-(3-phenethylureido)thiophene-2- carboxylic acid 62 XLVIII-1 V-7 

3-(3-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)ureido)thiophene- 2-carboxylic acid 65 XLVIII-1V-8 

3-(3-(cyclohexylmethyl)ureido)thiophene-2- carboxylic acid 66 XLVIII-1V-9 

3-(3-isopropylureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 70 XLVIII-1 V-10

3-(3-(2-(tert- butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)ureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 56 XLVIII-1 V-11

3-(3-(3-tert-butoxy-3- oxopropyl)ureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 55XLVIII-1 V-12

3-(3-(3-methoxy-3- oxopropyl)ureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 52XLVIII-1 V-13

3-(3-(4-fluorobenzyl)ureido)thiophene-2- carboxylic acid 68 XLVIII-1V-14

3-(3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5- ylmethyl)ureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid63 XLVIII-1 V-15

3-(3-(thiophen-2- ylmethyl)ureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 71XLVIII-1 V-16

3-(3-(4-methylbenzyl)ureido)thiophene-2- carboxylic acid 75 XLVIII-1

Example XL-1 Synthesis of ethyl 2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)acetate (CompoundXL-1)

To a solution of methylhydrazine 7.13 ml (150 mmol) and triethylamine16.7 ml (120 mmol), ethyl 2-bromoacetate 16.7 g (100 mmol) indichloromethane 50 ml was added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate 300 ml and washed with brine 200 ml. The organic phase was driedover magnesium sulfate and filtered and the mother solution wasconcentrated in vacuo to obtain the title compound 10.2 g (77%).

Example XXXII-1 Synthesis of ethyl2-(1-methyl-2-(benzylcarbamoyl)hydrazinyl)acetate (Compound XXXII-1)

To a solution of ethyl 2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)acetate (Compound XL-1) 10ml (76 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran 40 ml, benzyl isocyanate 11.1 g (83.3mmol) was added at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate 150 mland washed with water 75 ml and brine 75 ml. The organic phase was driedover magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated invacuo to obtain the title compound 15.2 g (76%).

Example VIII-1 Synthesis of 3-(3-benzylureido)propanoic acid (CompoundVIII-1)

To a solution of β-alanine 5.0 g (56 mmol) in dichloromethane 56 ml andtetrahydrofuran 56 ml was added benzyl isocyanate 6.6 ml (53 mmol) at 0°C. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixturewas diluted with ethyl acetate 200 ml and washed with water 200 ml andbrine 200 ml. The residual solution was concentrated to about 100 ml invacuo. To the mixture was added 1N sodium hydroxide solution 60 ml at 0°C. The aqueous phase was acidified with 3N HCl aq. 20 ml and thenextracted with ethyl acetate 100 ml twice. The extract was washed withbrine 50 ml and dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtratewas concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added ether:n-hexane=1:130 ml and the precipitate was corrected by filtration to obtain thetitle compound 7.05 g (59%).

Example VIII-2 Synthesis of2-(2-(benzylcarbamoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)acetic acid (Compound VIII-2)

To a solution of ethyl 2-(1-methyl-2-(benzylcarbamoyl)hydrazinyl)acetate(Compound XXXII-1) 1.33 g (5.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran/methanol/water(2:3:1) 24 ml, lithium hydroxide monohydrate 420 mg (10.0 mmol) wasadded and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thereaction mixture was diluted with water 25 ml and washed with ether 25ml. The aqueous phase was acidified with 10%-citric acid 25 ml andextracted with chloroform 30 ml. The organic phase was washed with brine25 ml and dried with magnesium sulfate and then filtered. The filtratewas concentrated in vacuo to obtain the title compound 1.05 g (88%).

Example XXXIV-1 Synthesis of N-methyl-N′-tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazine(Compound XXXIV-1)

To a solution of N-methylhydrazine 5.27 ml (100 mmol) and triethylamine8.36 ml (60.0 mmol) in dichloromethane 200 ml, 300 benzoxyloxycarbonylchloride in toluene 11.37 ml (20.0 mmol) was added and the mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted withchloroform 200 ml and washed with brine 200 ml. The organic phase wasdried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The mother solution wasconcentrated in vacuo to give N-benzoxyloxycarbonyl-N-methylhydrazine.The product was used without further purification.

To a solution of the above compound 3.60 g (20.0 mmol) and potassiumcarbonate 11.1 g (80.0 mmol) in water 42 ml, a solution of di-tert-butyldicarbonate 9.19 ml (40.0 mmol) in acetonitrile 18 ml was added and themixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixturewas diluted with ethyl acetate 200 ml and washed with water 200 ml andbrine 200 ml. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate andfiltered. The mother solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified on silica gel column chromatography (Merck 60N spherical,neutral elution by chloroform) to giveN-benzoxyloxycarbonyl-N-methyl-N′-(tert-butyoxycarbonyl)hydrazine 4.08 g(72.8%).

To a solution of the above compound 5.61 g (20.0 mmol) in methanol 80ml, 5% palladium on carbon 400 mg was added and the mixture was stirredat room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere overnight. The reactionmixture was filtered on celite and washed with methanol 400 ml. Themother solution was concentrated in vacuo to obtain the title compound3.05 g (80.10).

Example XLIII-1 Synthesis of (R)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (Compound XLIII-1)

To a solution of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid 9.01 g (50.0 mmol) intetrahydrofuran 120 ml, triethylamine 7.0 ml (50.0 mmol) was added andthe mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 0.5 hr. A solution of(−)-B-chlorodiisopinocamphenylborane in 60% hexane 41.2 ml (70.0 mmol)was added to the reaction mixture dropwisely and the mixture was warmedto room temperature and stirred for 6 hrs. 1N sodium hydroxide solution200 ml was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was washed withethyl ether 200 ml. 3N hydrochloride aq. 80 ml was added to the aqueousphase and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate 200 ml. Theorganic phase was washed with brine 200 ml and dried over magnesiumsulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo andn-hexane:ethyl acetate=60:40 50 ml was added to the residue and theprecipitate was corrected by filtration to obtain(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid 5.53 g (yield 61%).

To a solution of the above compound 2.73 g (15.0 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide 100 ml, potassium carbonate 5.18 g (37.5 mmol) was added andthe mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min.

Benzyl bromide 3.92 ml (33.0 mmol) was added dropwisely and the mixturewas stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with ethyl acetate 300 ml and washed with water 300 ml and brine300 ml. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered.The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and n-hexane:ethyl acetate=90:1040 ml was added to the residue and the precipitate was corrected byfiltration to obtain the title compound 3.78 g (yield 69%).

Example XXVII-1 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (Compound XXVIII-1)

To a solution of (R)-benzyl 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate(Compound XLIII-1) 1.81 g (5.00 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine 874 μl (7.50mmol) in dichloromethane 15 ml, trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride 1.26ml (7.50 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5hr. N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-N′-methylhydrazine (Compound XXXIV-1) 1.46 g(10.0 mol) was added to the solution mixture and the mixture was stirredat room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted withethyl acetate 100 ml and washed with water 100 ml. The organic phase waswashed with brine 100 ml and dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered.The mother solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified on silica gel column chromatography (Merck 60N spherical,neutral elution by chloroform) to obtain the title compound 0.97 g(17.3%).

Example XXVIII-1 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yloxy)propanoate(Compound XXVIII-2)

To a solution of (R)-benzyl 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate(Compound XLIII-1) 18.1 g (50.0 mmol) in dichloromethane 80 ml,trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride 10.1 ml (60.0 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine8.74 ml (75.0 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 0.5 hr. N-hydroxyphthalimide 8.16 g (50.0 mmol) andtriethylamine 10.5 ml (75.0 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture andthe mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo and diluted with ethyl acetate 500 mland washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution 500 ml, water 500ml and brine 500 ml. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfateand filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified on silica gel column chromatography (Merck 60N spherical,neutral elution by n-hexane:ethyl acetate=90:10 to 70:30) to obtain thetitle compound 15.0 g (yield 59%).

Example XVIII-1 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)propanoate (CompoundXVIII-1)

To a solution of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N′-methylhydrazinyl)propanoate(Compound XXVII-1) 491 mg (1.00 mmol) in dichloromethane 1 ml,trifluoroacetic acid 743 μl (10.0 mmol) was added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 0.5 hr. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate 50ml and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution 50 ml. Theorganic phase was washed with water 50 ml and brine 50 ml. The organicphase was dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The mother solutionwas concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound, which was usedwithout further purification.

Example XVIII-2 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl2-(aminooxy)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoate (Compound XVIII-2)

To a mixed solution of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yloxy)propanoate(Compound XXVIII-1) 15.02 g (29.6 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran 60 ml andmethanol 60 ml, hydrazine monohydrate 4.31 ml (88.8 mmol) was added andthe mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The reactionmixture was diluted with ethyl acetate 500 ml and washed with saturatedsodium bicarbonate solution 200 ml, water 200 ml and brine 200 ml. Theorganic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound, which wasused without further purification.

Example XVII-1 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(2-(3-(3-benzylureido)propanoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)propanoate(Compound XVII-1)

To a solution of 3-(3-benzylureido)propanoic acid (Compound VIII-1) 267mg (1.20 mmol) in dichloromethane 5 ml, N-hydroxybenztriazole 203 mg(1.50 mmol) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimidehydrochloride 288 mg (1.50 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirredat room temperature for 0.5 hr. (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)propanoate (CompoundXVIII-1) 390 mg (1.00 mmol) and a solution of dimethylaminopyridine 61mg (0.50 mmol) in dichloromethane 1 ml were added to the reactionmixture and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. Thereaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate 50 ml and washed withsaturated sodium bicarbonate solution 50 ml twice, water 50 ml twice andbrine 50 ml and the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate andfiltered. The mother solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residuewas purified on silica gel column chromatography (Merck 60N spherical,neutral elution by chloroform:methanol=100:0 to 95:5) to obtain thetitle compound 0.31 g (52.0%).

The following compounds shown in Table XI were obtained by a similarmethod to that described above. In the Table, “Int_(—)1” and “Int_(—)2”mean an intermediate compound number.

TABLE XI Example yield No. structure chemical name (%) Int_1 Int_2XVII-2

(S)-benzyl 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)- 2-(2-(3-(3-benzylureido)propanoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)propanoate 55 VIII-2 XVIII-1 XVII-3

(S)-benzyl 10-(4-(benzyloxy)benzyl)- 5-methyl-3,7-dioxo-1-phenyl-9-oxa-2,4,5,8-tetraazaundecan-11-oate 73 VIII-2 XVIII-2

Example XVII-4 Synthesis of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(1-((3-benzylureido)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidooxy)propanoate(Compound XVII-4)

To a solution of Fmoc-1-aminomethyl-cyclohexane carboxylic acid 2.41 g(6.36 mmol), N-hydroxybenzotriazol 1.07 g (7.95 mmol) and1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride 1.52 g (7.95mmol) in dichloromethane 20 ml, a solution of (S)-benzyl2-(aminooxy)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoate (Compound XVIII-2) 2.0 g(5.3 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine 65 mg (0.53 mmol) indichloromethane 15 ml was added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was washed with saturatedsodium bicarbonate solution 40 ml, water 40 ml and brine 40 ml. Theorganic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified onsilica gel column chromatography (Merck 60N spherical, neutral elutionby n-hexanae:ethylacetate=100:0 to 70:30) to obtain (S)-benzyl2-(1-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidooxy)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoate1.25 g (32%).

To the above compound 1.25 g (1.69 mmol), 25%-piperidine/dichloromethane20 ml was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified on silica gel column chromatography (Merck 60N spherical,neutral elution by n-hexane:ethyl acetate=100:0 to 70:30 andchloroform:methanol=100:0 to 80:20) to obtain (S)-benzyl2-(1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidooxy)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoate528 mg (60%).

To a solution of (S)-benzyl2-(1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidooxy)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoatein dichloromethane 9 ml, benzyl isocyanate 143 μl (1.16 mmol) andtriethylamine 271 al (1.94 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirredat room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was washed withwater 10 ml and brine 10 ml. Then the organic phase was dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue waspurified on silica gel column chromatography (Merck 60N spherical,neutral elution by n-hexane:ethylacetate=100:0 to 70:30) to obtain thetitle compound 257 mg (41%).

Example VII-1 Synthesis of(S)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(2-(3-(3-benzylureido)propanoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)propanoicacid (Compound VII-1)

To a solution of (S)-benzyl3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(2-(3-(3-benzylureido)propanoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)propanoate(Compound XVII-1) 149 mg (0.25 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran:methanol=1:1.51.5 ml, a solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate 16 mg in water 0.3ml was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hr.The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and 1N HCl aq. 10 ml was addedand the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate 20 ml. The organicphase was washed with water 20 ml and brine 20 ml and dried overmagnesium sulfate and filtered. The mother solution was concentrated invacuo to obtain the title compound. The residue was used without furtherpurification.

The following compounds shown in Table XII were obtained by a similarmethod to that described above. In the Table, “Int_(—)1” means anintermediate compound number.

TABLE XII Example No. structure chemical name Int_1 VII-2

(S)-2-(2-(2-(2-(benzylcarbamoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)acetyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid XVII-2 VII-3

(S)-10-(4-(benzyloxy)benzyl)-5-methyl-3,7-dioxo-1-phenyl-9-oxa-2,4,5,8-tetraazaundecan-11-oic acid XVII-3 VII-4

(S)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(1-((3-benzylureido)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidooxy) propanoic acid XVII-4

Example II-1 Syn. II-1 Synthesis of(S)—N-(1-(benzyl(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-(3-benzylureido)thiophene-2-carboxamide(Compound II-1)

To a solution of 3-(3-benzylureido)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (CompoundV-1) 49.7 mg (0.18 mmol) and N-hydroxybenzotriazol 6.1 mg (0.045 mmol)in dichloromethane 1 ml, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide43.1 mg (0.225 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 0.5 hr. A solution of(S)-2-amino-N-benzyl-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)propanamide (Compound VI-1)44.2 mg (0.15 mmol) in dichloromethane 1 ml was added to the reactionmixture and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs. Thereaction mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ aq. 1 ml, water 1 ml andbrine 1 ml. The organic phase was filtered on celite 1 g and magnesiumsulfate 150 mg. The mother solution was concentrated in vacuo and theresidue was purified with PTLC (development solvent:chloroform:methanol=98:2) to obtain the titled compound 44.7 mg (54%).

Example 11-262 Syn. 11-2 Synthesis of(S)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(2-(3-(3-benzylureido)propanoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)-N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)propanamide(Compound II-262)

To a solution of(S)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(2-(3-(3-benzylureido)propanoyl)-1-methylhydrazinyl)propanoicacid (Compound VII-1) 126 mg (0.25 mmol) in dichloromethane 1.5 ml,2,2-diethoxy-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)ethanamine (Compound IV-2) 85 mg(0.31 mmol) and DMT-MM 173 mg (0.63 mmol) were added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith chloroform 50 ml and washed with water 50 ml twice and brine 50 mltwice and dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The mother solutionwas concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified on silica gelcolumn chromatography (Merck 60N spherical, neutral 10 ml elution bychloroform:methanol=100:0 to 90:10, each elution 50 ml) to give thedesired product as pale yellow oil 85.0 mg (35.8%).

Typical examples of the compound having general formula II of thepresent invention that can be obtained by reacting and treatingcorresponding intermediates using any of the methods described in thepresent specification including the examples described above are shownin Tables XIII-1 to XIII-25. The compounds were prepared according tothe preparation methods of the compound numbers (e.g., “II-1”) shown inthe columns of “Syn” in the Tables, “Int_(—)1” and “Int_(—)2” indicateintermediate compound numbers. “n.d.” in the columns of “yield” meansnot determined in this step and was used to further reaction. In thecolumn of “R”, “R¹”, “R²” and “R³” were indicated as chemical groups inthe general formula II.

TABLE XIII-1             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-2

H

II-3

H

II-4

H

II-5

H

II-6

H

II-7

H

II-8

H

II-9

H

 II-10

H

 II-11

H

 II-12

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-2

Ethyl VI-2 V-1 II-1 74 II-3

Ethyl Vi-3 V-1 II-1 82 II-4

Ethyl VI-4 V-1 II-1 63 II-5

Ethyl VI-5 V-1 II-1 82 II-6

Ethyl VI-6 V-1 II-1 38 II-7

Ethyl VI-7 V-1 II-1 9 II-8

Ethyl VI-8 V-1 II-1 100 II-9

Ethyl VI-9 V-1 II-1 100  II-10

Ethyl VI-2 V-3 II-1 64  II-11

Ethyl VI-2 V-4 II-1 67  II-12

Ethyl VI-2 V-5 II-1 39

TABLE XIII-2 Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn. yield (%) II-13

H

Ethyl VI-2 V-2 II-1 61 II-14

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-3 II-1 58 II-15

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-4 II-1 67 II-16

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-5 II-1 51 II-17

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-2 II-1 72 II-18

H

Ethyl VI-6 V-3 II-1 43 II-19

H

Ethyl VI-6 V-4 II-1 15 II-20

H

Ethyl VI-6 V-5 II-1 41 II-21

H

Ethyl VI-6 V-2 II-1 16 II-22

H

Ethyl VI-9 V-3 II-1 56 II-23

H

Ethyl VI-9 V-4 II-1 59

TABLE XIII-3 Exam- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn. yield (%) II-24

H

Ethyl VI-9 V-5 II-1 37 II-25

H

Ethyl VI-9 V-2 II-1 57 II-26

H

Ethyl VI-10 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-27

H

Ethyl VI-11 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-28

H

Ethyl VI-11 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-29

H

Ethyl VI-11 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-30

H

Ethyl VI-11 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-31

H

Ethyl VI-11 V-7 II-1 n.d. II-32

H

Ethyl V1-11 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-33

H

Ethyl V1-11 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-34

H

Ethyl VI-12 V-5 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-4 Exam- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn. yield (%) II-35

H

Ethyl VI-13 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-36

H

Ethyl VI-14 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-37

H

Ethyl VI-15 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-38

H

Ethyl VI-16 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-39

H

Ethyl VI-17 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-40

H

Ethyl VI-18 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-41

H

Ethyl VI-19 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-42

H

Ethyl VI-20 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-43

H

Ethyl VI-20 V-7 II-1 n.d. II-44

H

Ethyl VI-20 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-45

H

Ethyl VI-20 V-9 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-5           Example No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-46

H

Ethyl VI-21 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-47

H

Ethyl VI-22 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-48

H

Ethyl VI-22 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-49

H

Ethyl VI-22 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-50

H

Ethyl VI-22 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-51

H

Ethyl VI-10 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-52

H

Ethyl VI-10 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-53

H

Ethyl VI-10 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-54

H

Ethyl VI-10 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-55

H

Ethyl VI-10 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-56

H

Ethyl VI-11 V-15 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-6         Exam- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-57

H

Ethyl VI-11 V-16 II-1 n.d. II-58

H

Ethyl VI-12 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-59

H

Ethyl VI-13 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-60

H

Ethyl VI-14 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-61

H

Ethyl VI-15 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-62

H

Ethyl VI-16 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-63

H

Ethyl VI-17 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-64

H

Ethyl VI-18 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-65

H

Ethyl VI-18 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-66

H

Ethyl VI-18 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-67

H

Ethyl VI-18 V-13 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-7       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-68

H

Ethyl VI-18 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-69

H

Ethyl VI-21 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-70

H

Ethyl VI-21 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-71

H

Ethyl VI-21 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-72

H

Ethyl VI-21 V-16 II-1 n.d. II-73

H

Ethyl VI-23 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-74

H

Ethyl VI-23 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-75

H

Ethyl VI-23 V-7 II-1 n.d. II-76

H

Ethyl VI-23 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-77

H

Ethyl VI-23 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-78

H

Ethyl VI-24 V-1 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-8       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-79

H

Ethyl VI-24 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-80

H

Ethyl VI-24 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-81

H

Ethyl VI-24 V-7 II-1 n.d. II-82

H

Ethyl VI-24 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-83

H

Ethyl VI-24 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-84

H

Ethyl VI-25 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-85

H

Ethyl VI-26 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-86

H

Ethyl VI-27 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-87

H

Ethyl VI-28 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-88

H

Ethyl VI-29 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-89

H

Ethyl VI-30 V-1 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-9             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-90

H

II-91

H

II-92

H

II-93

H

II-94

H

II-95

H

II-96

H

II-97

H

II-98

H

II-99

H

 II-100

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-90

Ethyl VI-30 V-6  II-1 n.d. II-91

Ethyl VI-23 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-92

Ethyl VI-23 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-93

Ethyl VI-23 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-94

Ethyl VI-24 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-95

Ethyl VI-24 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-96

Ethyl VI-24 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-97

Ethyl VI-24 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-98

Ethyl VI-24 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-99

Ethyl VI-24 V-15 II-1 n.d.  II-100

Ethyl VI-24 V-16 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-10             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-101

H

II-102

H

II-103

H

II-104

H

II-105

H

II-106

H

II-107

H

II-108

H

II-109

H

II-110

H

II-111

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-101

Ethyl VI-25 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-102

Ethyl VI-25 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-103

Ethyl VI-26 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-104

Ethyl VI-26 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-105

Ethyl VI-27 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-106

Ethyl VI-27 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-107

Ethyl VI-28 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-108

Ethyl VI-28 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-109

Ethyl VI-29 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-110

Ethyl VI-29 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-111

Ethyl VI-30 V-13 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-11             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-112

H

II-113

H

II-114

H

II-115

H

II-116

H

II-117

H

II-118

H

II-119

H

II-120

H

II-121

H

II-122

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-112

Ethyl VI-30  V-14 II-1 n.d. II-113

Ethyl VI-30  V-15 II-1 n.d. II-114

Ethyl VI-30  V-16 II-1 n.d. II-115

Ethyl VI-31 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-116

Ethyl VI-31 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-117

Ethyl VI-32 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-118

Ethyl VI-33 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-119

Ethyl VI-35 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-120

Ethyl VI-35 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-121

Ethyl VI-35 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-122

Ethyl VI-35 V-5 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-12             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-123

H

II-124

H

II-125

H

II-126

H

II-127

H

II-128

H

II-129

H

II-130

H

II-131

H

II-132

H

II-133

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-123

Ethyl VI-35 V-7 II-1 n.d. II-124

Ethyl VI-35 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-125

Ethyl VI-35 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-126

Ethyl VI-36 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-127

Ethyl VI-36 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-128

Ethyl VI-36 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-129

Ethyl VI-36 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-130

Ethyl VI-36 V-7 II-1 n.d. II-131

Ethyl VI-36 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-132

Ethyl VI-36 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-133

Ethyl VI-41 V-1 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-13             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-134

H

II-135

H

II-136

H

II-137

H

II-138

H

II-139

H

II-140

H

II-141

H

II-142

H

II-143

H

II-144

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-134

Ethyl VI-41 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-135

Ethyl VI-41 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-136

Ethyl VI-41 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-137

Ethyl VI-41 V-7 II-1 n.d. II-138

Ethyl VI-41 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-139

Ethyl VI-41 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-140

Ethyl VI-42 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-141

Ethyl VI-42 V-6 II-1 n.d. II-142

Ethyl VI-42 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-143

Ethyl VI-42 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-144

Ethyl VI-44 V-3 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-14             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-145

H

II-146

H

II-147

H

II-148

H

II-149

H

II-150

H

II-151

H

II-152

H

II-153

H

II-154

H

II-155

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-145

Ethyl VI-44 V-6  II-1 n.d. II-146

Ethyl VI-44 V-8  II-1 n.d. II-147

Ethyl VI-44 V-9  II-1 n.d. II-148

Ethyl VI-34 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-149

Ethyl VI-34 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-150

Ethyl VI-34 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-151

Ethyl VI-35 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-152

Ethyl VI-35 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-153

Ethyl VI-35 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-154

Ethyl VI-36 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-155

Ethyl VI-36 V-14 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-15             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-156

H

II-157

H

II-158

H

II-159

H

II-160

H

II-161

H

II-162

H

II-163

H

II-164

H

II-165

H

II-166

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-156

Ethyl VI-36 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-157

Ethyl VI-37 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-158

Ethyl VI-37 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-159

Ethyl VI-37 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-160

Ethyl VI-38 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-161

Ethyl VI-39 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-162

Ethyl VI-39 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-163

Ethyl VI-39 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-164

Ethyl VI-39 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-165

Ethyl VI-39 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-166

Ethyl VI-39 V-15 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-16             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-167

H

II-168

H

II-169

H

II-170

H

II-171

H

II-172

H

II-173

H

II-174

H

II-175

H

II-176

H

II-177

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-167

Ethyl VI-40 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-168

Ethyl VI-40 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-169

Ethyl VI-40 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-170

Ethyl VI-40 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-171

Ethyl VI-40 V-15 II-1 n.d. II-172

Ethyl VI-42 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-173

Ethyl VI-42 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-174

Ethyl VI-42 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-175

Ethyl VI-43 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-176

Ethyl VI-43 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-177

Ethyl VI-43 V-12 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-17             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-178

H

II-179

H

II-180

H

II-181

H

II-182

H

II-183

H

II-184

H

II-185

H

II-186

H

II-187

H

II-188

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-178

Ethyl VI-45 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-179

Ethyl VI-45 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-180

Ethyl VI-46 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-181

Ethyl VI-46 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-182

Ethyl VI-46 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-183

Ethyl VI-47 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-184

Ethyl VI-47 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-185

Ethyl VI-48 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-186

Ethyl VI-48 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-187

Ethyl VI-49 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-188

Ethyl VI-49 V-9 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-18             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-189

H

II-190

H

II-191

H

II-192

H

II-193

H

II-194

H

II-195

H

II-196

H

II-197

H

II-198

H

II-199

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-189

Ethyl VI-50 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-190

Ethyl VI-50 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-191

Ethyl VI-51 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-192

Ethyl VI-51 V-9 II-1 n.d. II-193

Ethyl VI-52 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-194

Ethyl VI-52 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-195

Ethyl VI-53 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-196

Ethyl VI-53 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-197

Ethyl VI-54 V-1 II-1 n.d. II-198

Ethyl VI-54 V-8 II-1 n.d. II-199

Ethyl VI-45  V-12 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-19             Example No.             R1             R2            R3

II-200

H

II-201

H

II-202

H

II-203

H

II-204

H

II-205

H

II-206

H

II-207

H

II-208

H

II-209

H

II-210

H

              Example No.

              R               Int_1               Int_2              syn.               yield (%) II-200

Ethyl VI-45 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-201

Ethyl VI-45 V-16 II-1 n.d. II-202

Ethyl VI-46 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-203

Ethyl VI-46 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-204

Ethyl VI-52 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-205

Ethyl VI-52 V-11 II-1 n.d. II-206

Ethyl VI-52 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-207

Ethyl VI-52 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-208

Ethyl VI-52 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-209

Ethyl VI-54 V-10 II-1 n.d. II-210

Ethyl VI-54 V-11 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-20       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-211

H

Ethyl VI-54 V-12 II-1 n.d. II-212

H

Ethyl VI-54 V-13 II-1 n.d. II-213

H

Ethyl VI-54 V-14 II-1 n.d. II-214

Me

Ethyl VI-60 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-215

Me

Ethyl VI-60 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-216

Me

Ethyl VI-60 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-217

Me

Ethyl VI-61 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-218

Me

Ethyl VI-61 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-219

Me

Ethyl VI-61 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-220

Me

Ethyl VI-62 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-221

Me

Ethyl VI-62 V-4 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-21       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-222

Me

Ethyl VI-62 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-223

Me

Ethyl VI-63 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-224

Me

Ethyl VI-63 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-225

Me

Ethyl VI-64 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-226

Me

Ethyl VI-64 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-227

Me

Ethyl VI-65 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-228

Me

Ethyl VI-65 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-229

Me

Ethyl VI-66 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-230

Me

Ethyl VI-66 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-231

Me

Ethyl VI-67 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-232

Me

Ethyl VI-67 V-5 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-22       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-233

Me

Ethyl VI-68 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-234

Me

Ethyl VI-69 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-235

Me

Ethyl VI-69 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-236

Me

Ethyl VI-70 V-4 II-1 n.d. II-237

Me

Ethyl VI-70 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-238

Me

Ethyl VI-71 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-239

Me

Ethyl VI-71 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-240

Me

Ethyl VI-72 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-241

Me

Ethyl VI-72 V-5 II-1 n.d. II-242

Me

Ethyl VI-73 V-3 II-1 n.d. II-243

Me

Ethyl VI-73 V-5 II-1 n.d.

TABLE XIII-23       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II- 244

Me

Ethyl VI-74 V-3 II-1 n.d. II- 245

Me

Ethyl VI-74 V-5 II-1 n.d. II- 246

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-17 II-1 79 II- 247

H

Ethyl VI-55 V-17 II-1 77 II- 248

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-18 II-1 88 II- 249

H

Ethyl VI-55 V-18 II-1 72 II- 250

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-19 II-1 90 II- 251

H

Ethyl VI-55 V-1 II-1 62 II- 252

H

Ethyl VI-55 V-19 II-1 37

TABLE XIII-24       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

R Int_1 Int_2 syn.           yield (%) II-253

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-23 II-1 25 II-254

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-21 II-1 11 II-255

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-22 II-1 42 II-256

H

Ethyl VI-56 V-1 II-1 18 II-257

H

Ethyl VI-57 V-1 II-1 22 II-258

H

Ethyl VI-58 V-1 II-1 20 II-259

H

Ethyl VI-59 V-1 II-1 31 II-260

H

Ethyl VI-4 V-20 II-1 76 II-261

H

Ethyl VI-6 V-23 II-1 22

TABLE XIII-25           Example No.             R1             R2            R3

 

II-262

H

II-263

H

II-264

H

II-265

H

II-266

H

II-267

H

II-268

H

Example No. R Int_1 Int_2 syn. yield (%) II-262 Ethyl VII-1 IV-2 II-2 36II-263 Ethyl VII-1 IV-12 II-2 26 II-264 Ethyl VII-2 IV-2 II-2 56 II-265Ethyl VII-2 IV-3 II-2 77 II-266 Ethyl VII-2 IV-12 II-2 62 II-267 EthylVII-3 IV-2 II-2 71 II-268 Ethyl VII-4 IV-2 II-2 46

Example I-1 Syn. I-1 Synthesis of(8S)—N,6-dibenzyl-8-methyl-7,10-dioxo-4a,5,6,7,8,10-hexahydro-4H-pyradino[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxamide(Compound I-1)

To(S)—N-(1-(benzyl(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3-(3-benzylureido)thiophene-2-carboxamide(Compound II-1) 44.7 mg (0.08 mmol), formic acid 2 ml was added and themixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixturewas concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified with PTLC(development solvent chloroform:methanol=95:5) to obtain the titledcompound 28 mg (76%).

Example 1-268 Syn. 1-2 Synthesis of(2S)—N-benzyl-2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1-methyl-4-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3,9-dioxooctahydropyrimido[1,2-b][1,2,5]triazepine-6(7H)-carboxamide(Compound I-268)

(2S)—N-benzyl-2-(4-(benzyloxy)benzyl)-1-methyl-4-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-3,9-dioxooctahydropyrimido[1,2-b][1,2,5]triazepine-6(7H)-carboxamide(Compound I-267) 33 mg (0.05 mmol) was dissolved in 25% HBr acetic acidsolution 0.2 ml and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5hr. Ether 1.2 ml and n-hexane 0.8 ml were added to the reaction mixtureand the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The precipitation waspurified on silica gel column chromatography (chloroform:methanol=100:0to 95:5) to obtain the title compound 7.3 mg (yield 25%).

Typical examples of the compound I of the present invention that can begiven by reacting and treating corresponding starting compounds usingany of the methods described in the present specification are shown inTables XIV-1 to XIV-25. The compounds were prepared according to thepreparation methods of the compound numbers (e.g., “I-1”) shown in thecolumns of “Syn” in the Tables. “Int” means an intermediate compoundnumber. In the Tables mentioned below, data indicated by “RT” mean dataof liquid chromatography retention time. In the columns of “Mass”, dataof mass spectrometry were shown. In the columns of “method”, elutionconditions of the liquid chromatography are described. For theindication of retention time in the liquid chromatography, theindication “A” for elution condition means that measurement wasperformed by elution with a linear gradient of 5 to 100% (v/v) SolutionB from 0 minute to 5 minutes and then with 100% Solution B until 6minutes.

TABLE XIV-1       Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

Syn. Int method RT Mass I-2

H

I-1 II-2 A 4.61 553 I-3

H

I-1 II-3 A 3.24 518 I-4

H

I-1 II-4 A 5 603 I-5

H

I-1 II-5 A 4.67 555 I-6

H

I-1 II-6 A 4.31 604 I-7

H

I-1 II-7 A 3.85 555 I-8

H

I-1 II-8 A 4.95 517 I-9

H

I-1 II-9 A 4.98 609 I-10

H

I-1 II-10 A 2.94 554 I-11

H

I-1 II-11 A 4.95 587 I-12

H

I-1 II-12 A 5 603

TABLE XIV-2           Example No.             R1             R2           R3

I-13

H

I-14

H

I-15

H

I-16

H

I-17

H

I-18

H

I-19

H

I-20

H

I-21

H

I-22

H

I-23

H

            Example No.

              Syn.               Int               method              RT               Mass I-13

I-1 II-13 A 4.13 491 I-14

I-1 II-14 A 3.32 604 I-15

I-1 II-15 A 5.3  637 I-16

I-1 II-16 A 5.42 653 I-17

I-1 II-17 A 4.57 541 I-18

I-1 II-18 A 2.75 605 I-19

I-1 II-19 A 4.61 638 I-20

I-1 II-20 A 4.77 654 I-21

I-1 II-21 A 3.68 542 I-22

I-1 II-22 A 3.28 610 I-23

I-1 II-23 A 5.26 643

TABLE XIV-3           Example No.             R1             R2            R3

I-24

H

I-25

H

I-26

H

I-27

H

I-28

H

I-29

H

I-30

H

I-31

H

I-32

H

I-33

H

I-34

H

            Example No.

              Syn.               Int               method              RT               Mass I-24

I-1 II-24 A 5.36 659 I-25

I-1 II-25 A 4.53 547 I-26

I-1 II-26 A 5.18 491 I-27

I-1 II-27 A 4.77 533 I-28

I-1 II-28 A 3   534 I-29

I-1 II-29 A 4.95 547 I-30

I-1 II-30 A 5.17 583 I-31

I-1 II-31 A 5.47 637 I-32

I-1 II-32 A 5.27 539 I-33

I-1 II-33 A 4.5 485 I-34

I-1 II-34 A 3.6  548

TABLE XIV-4           Example No.             R1             R2            R3

I-35

H

I-36

H

I-37

H

I-38

H

I-39

H

I-40

H

I-41

H

I-42

H

I-43

H

I-44

H

I-45

H

            Example No.

              Syn.               Int               method              RT               Mass I-35

I-1 II-35 A 4.87 535 I-36

I-1 II-36 A 4.67 534 I-37

I-1 II-37 A 4.87 507 I-38

I-1 II-38 A 5.67 533 I-39

I-1 II-39 A 5.62 553 I-40

I-1 II-40 A 5.65 567 I-41

I-1 II-41 A 5.8 581 I-42

I-1 II-42 A 5.78 597 I-43

I-1 II-43 A 5.93 651 I-44

I-1 II-44 A 5.88 553 I-45

I-1 II-45 A 5.15 499

TABLE XIV-5           Example No.             R1             R2            R3

I-46

H

I-47

H

I-48

H

I-49

H

I-50

H

I-51

H

I-52

H

I-53

H

I-54

H

I-55

H

I-56

H

            Example No.

              Syn.               Int               method              RT               Mass I-46

I-1 II-46 A 6   617 I-47

I-1 II-47 A 5.6  567 I-48

I-1 II-48 A 3.82 568 I-49

I-1 II-49 A 5.75 581 I-50

I-1 II-50 A 5.98 617 I-51

I-1 II-51 A 3.43 395 I-52

I-1 II-52 A 3.58 423 I-53

I-1 II-53 A 4.03 437 I-54

I-1 II-54 A 4.62 485 I-55

I-1 II-55 A 4.62 447 I-56

I-1 II-56 A 4.75 539

TABLE XIV-6           Example No.             R1             R2            R3

I-57

H

I-58

H

I-59

H

I-60

H

I-61

H

I-62

H

I-63

H

I-64

H

I-65

H

I-66

H

I-67

H

            Example No.

              Syn.               Int               method              RT               Mass I-57

I-1 II-57 A 4.97 547 I-58

I-1 II-58 A 3.27 504 I-59

I-1 II-59 A 4.4  491 I-60

I-1 II-60 A 4.12 490 I-61

I-1 II-61 A 4.32 463 I-62

I-1 II-62 A 5.15 489 I-63

I-1 II-63 A 5.13 509 I-64

I-1 II-64 A 4.03 471 I-65

I-1 II-65 A 4.13 499 I-66

I-1 II-66 A 4.63 513 I-67

I-1 II-67 A 5.25 535

TABLE XIV-7           Example No.             R1             R2            R3

I-68

H

I-69

H

I-70

H

I-71

H

I-72

H

I-73

H

I-74

H

I-75

H

I-76

H

I-77

H

I-78

H

            Example No.

              Syn.               Int               method              RT               Mass I-68

I-1 II-68 A 5.13 523 I-69

I-1 II-69 A 5.62 585 I-70

I-1 II-70 A 5.52 611 I-71

I-1 II-71 A 5.53 573 I-72

I-1 II-72 A 5.83 581 I-73

I-1 II-73 A 4.78 489 I-74

I-1 II-74 A 5.1  525 I-75

I-1 II-75 A 5.37 579 I-76

I-1 II-76 A 5.15 481 I-77

I-1 II-77 A 4.28 427 I-78

I-1 II-78 A 4.67 567

TABLE XIV-8           Ex- ample No.               R1               R2              R3  

I-79

H

I-80

H

I-81

H

I-82

H

I-83

H

I-84

H

I-85

H

I-86

H

I-87

H

I-88

H

I-89

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-79 I-1 II-79 A 4.83 581 I-80 I-1II-80 A 5.08 617 I-81 I-1 II-81 A 5.37 671 I-82 I-1 II-82 A 5.13 573I-83 I-1 II-83 A 4.4 519 I-84 I-1 II-84 A 3.9 546 I-85 I-1 II-85 A 4.33519 I-86 I-1 II-86 A 4.48 533 I-87 I-1 II-87 A 4.47 505 I-88 I-1 II-88 A5.32 531 I-89 I-1 II-89 A 5.28 565

TABLE XIV-9           Ex- ample No.               R1               R2              R3  

I-90

H

I-91

H

I-92

H

I-93

H

I-94

H

I-95

H

I-96

H

I-97

H

I-98

H

I-99

H

 I-100

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-90 I-1 II-90 A 5.43 579 I-91 I-1II-91 A 3.4 429 I-92 I-1 II-92 A 3.53 457 I-93 I-1 II-93 A 3.95 471 I-94I-1 II-94 A 3.65 521 I-95 I-1 II-95 A 3.75 549 I-96 I-1 II-96 A 4.13 563I-97 I-1 II-97 A 4.75 585 I-98 I-1 II-98 A 4.62 611 I-99 I-1 II-99 A 4.6573  I-100 I-1  II-100 A 4.88 581

TABLE XIV-10           Ex- ample No.               R1               R2              R3  

I-101

H

I-102

H

I-103

H

I-104

H

I-105

H

I-106

H

I-107

H

I-108

H

I-109

H

I-110

H

I-111

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-101 I-1 II-101 A 3.82 550 I-102I-1 II-102 A 3.7 538 I-103 I-1 II-103 A 4.43 537 I-104 I-1 II-104 A 4.25525 I-105 I-1 II-105 A 4.18 536 I-106 I-1 II-106 A 4.05 524 I-107 I-1II-107 A 4.37 509 I-108 I-1 II-108 A 4.23 497 I-109 I-1 II-109 A 5.15535 I-110 I-1 II-110 A 5.05 523 I-111 I-1 II-111 A 5.3 583

TABLE XIV-11         Ex- ample No.             R1             R2            R3

I-112

H

I-113

H

I-114

H

I-115

H

I-116

H

I-117

H

I-118

H

I-119

H

I-120

H

I-121

H

I-122

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-112 I-1 II-112 A 5.18 609 I-113I-1 II-113 A 5.27 571 I-114 I-1 II-114 A 5.52 579 I-115 I-1 II-115 A5.98 601 I-116 I-1 II-116 A 5.25 547 I-117 I-1 II-117 A 6.2 621 I-118I-1 II-118 A 6.17 621 I-119 I-1 II-119 A 5.25 657 I-120 I-1 II-120 A3.87 658 I-121 I-1 II-121 A 5.4 671 I-122 I-1 II-122 A 5.6 707

TABLE XIV-12           Ex- ample No.               R1               R2              R3  

I-123

H

I-124

H

I-125

H

I-126

H

I-127

H

I-128

H

I-129

H

I-130

H

I-131

H

I-132

H

I-133

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-123 I-1 II-123 A 5.8 761 I-124I-1 II-124 A 5.68 663 I-125 I-1 II-125 A 5.07 609 I-126 I-1 II-126 A4.27 622 I-127 I-1 II-127 A 4.23 623 I-128 I-1 II-128 A 4.4 636 I-129I-1 II-129 A 4.53 672 I-130 I-1 II-130 A 4.77 726 I-131 I-1 II-131 A4.57 628 I-132 I-1 II-132 A 4.07 574 I-133 I-1 II-133 A 5.67 641

TABLE XIV-13           Ex- ample No.               R1               R2              R3  

I-134

H

I-135

H

I-136

H

I-137

H

I-138

H

I-139

H

I-140

H

I-141

H

I-142

H

I-143

H

I-144

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-134 I-1 II-134 A 4.07 642 I-135I-1 II-135 A 5.82 655 I-136 I-1 II-136 A 6 691 I-137 I-1 II-137 A 6.15745 I-138 I-1 II-138 A 6.13 647 I-139 I-1 II-139 A 5.53 593 I-140 I-1II-140 A 4.15 672 I-141 I-1 II-141 A 5.92 667 I-142 I-1 II-142 A 6.2 677I-143 I-1 II-143 A 5.6 623 I-144 I-1 II-144 A 4.32 692

TABLE XIV-14           Ex- ample No.               R1               R2              R3  

I-145

H

I-146

H

I-147

H

I-148

H

I-149

H

I-150

H

I-151

H

I-152

H

I-153

H

I-154

H

I-155

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-145 I-1 II-145 A 6.07 705 I-146I-1 II-146 A 6.42 697 I-147 I-1 II-147 A 5.85 643 I-148 I-1 II-148 A4.72 561 I-149 I-1 II-149 A 5.15 609 I-150 I-1 II-150 A 5.22 571 I-151I-1 II-151 A 4.82 653 I-152 I-1 II-152 A 5.2 701 I-153 I-1 II-153 A 5.2663 I-154 I-1 II-154 A 3.93 618 I-155 I-1 II-155 A 4.23 666

TABLE XIV-15           Ex- ample No.               R1               R2              R3  

I-156

H

I-157

H

I-158

H

I-159

H

I-160

H

I-161

H

I-162

H

I-163

H

I-164

H

I-165

H

I-166

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-156 I-1 II-156 A 4.25 628 I-157I-1 II-157 A 4.48 605 I-158 I-1 II-158 A 4.9 653 I-159 I-1 II-159 A 4.92615 I-160 I-1 II-160 A 4.32 604 I-161 I-1 II-161 A 4.47 577 I-162 I-1II-162 A 4.7 561 I-163 I-1 II-163 A 4.75 589 I-164 I-1 II-164 A 5.22 603I-165 I-1 II-165 A 5.58 651 I-166 I-1 II-166 A 5.62 613

TABLE XIV-16             Ex- ample No.                 R1                R2                 R3  

I-167

H

I-168

H

I-169

H

I-170

H

I-171

H

I-172

H

I-173

H

I-174

H

I-175

H

I-176

H

I-177

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-167 I-1 II-167 A 4.68 581 I-168I-1 II-168 A 4.75 609 I-169 I-1 II-169 A 5.17 623 I-170 I-1 II-170 A5.53 671 I-171 I-1 II-171 A 5.57 633 I-172 I-1 II-172 A 4.82 625 I-173I-1 II-173 A 4.83 653 I-174 I-1 II-174 A 5.28 667 I-175 I-1 II-175 A5.05 645 I-176 I-1 II-176 A 5.07 673 I-177 I-1 II-177 A 5.55 687

TABLE XIV-17             Ex- ample No.                 R1                R2                 R3    

I-178

H

I-179

H

I-180

H

I-181

H

I-182

H

I-183

H

I-184

H

I-185

H

I-186

H

I-187

H

I-188

H

Ex- ample No. Syn. Int method RT Mass I-178 I-1 II-178 A 4.98 511 I-179I-1 II-179 A 5.55 517 I-180 I-1 II-180 A 5.03 603 I-181 I-1 II-181 A5.48 609 I-182 I-1 II-182 A 4.82 555 I-183 I-1 II-183 A 4.05 568 I-184I-1 II-184 A 3.85 520 I-185 I-1 II-185 A 4.7 555 I-186 I-1 II-186 A 4.45507 I-187 I-1 II-187 A 4.52 554 I-188 I-1 II-188 A 4.25 506

TABLE XIV-18 Example No. R1 R2 R3

Syn. Int method RT Mass I-189

H

I-1 II-189 A 4.72 527 I-190

H

I-1 II-190 A 4.42 479 I-191

H

I-1 II-191 A 5.5 553 I-192

H

I-1 II-192 A 5.28 505 I-193

H

I-1 II-193 A 5.43 573 I-194

H

I-1 II-194 A 5.93 579 I-195

H

I-1 II-195 A 5.5 587 I-196

H

I-1 II-196 A 6 593 I-197

H

I-1 II-197 A 5.62 601 I-198

H

I-1 II-198 A 6.12 607 I-199

H

I-1 II-199 A 4.42 507

TABLE XIV-19 Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

Syn Int meth- od RT Mass I- 200

H

I-1 II- 200 A 4.92 555 I- 201

H

I-1 II- 201 A 5.27 525 I- 202

H

I-1 II- 202 A 4.55 599 I- 203

H

I-1 II- 203 A 4.98 647 I- 204

H

I-1 II- 204 A 4.4  527 I- 205

H

I-1 II- 205 A 4.48 555 I- 206

H

I-1 II- 206 A 4.93 569 I- 207

H

I-1 II- 207 A 5.45 591 I- 208

H

I-1 II- 208 A 5.35 617 I- 209

H

I-1 II- 209 A 4.58 555 I- 210

H

I-1 II- 210 A 4.67 583

TABLE XIV-20 Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

Syn Int meth- od RT Mass I- 211

H

I-1 II- 211 A 5.1  597 I- 212

H

I-1 II- 212 A 5.62 619 I- 213

H

I-1 II- 213 A 5.5  645 I- 214

Me

I-1 II- 214 A 3.17 476 I- 215

Me

I-1 II- 215 A 4.95 510 I- 216

Me

I-1 II- 216 A 5.13 525 I- 217

Me

I-1 II- 217 A 3.35 568 I- 218

Me

I-1 II- 218 A 5   602 I- 219

Me

I-1 II- 219 A 5.15 617 I- 220

Me

I-1 II- 220 A 3.12 520 I- 221

Me

I-1 II- 221 A 4.62 554

TABLE XIV-21 Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

Syn. Int meth- od RT Mass I- 222

Me

I-1 II- 222 A 4.77 569 I- 223

Me

I-1 II- 223 A 3.48 526 I- 224

Me

I-1 II- 224 A 5.37 560 I- 225

Me

I-1 II- 225 A 3.68 618 I- 226

Me

I-1 II- 226 A 5.35 652 I- 227

Me

I-1 II- 227 A 3.13 583 I- 228

Me

I-1 II- 228 A 4.23 617 I- 229

Me

I-1 II- 229 A 3.45 570 I- 230

Me

I-1 II- 230 A 4.95 604 I- 231

Me

I-1 II- 231 A 4.35 561 I- 232

Me

I-1 II- 232 A 4.53 576

TABLE XIV-22 Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

Syn. Int meth- od RT Mass I- 233

Me

I-1 II- 233 A 4.47 653 I- 234

Me

I-1 II- 234 A 3.67 618 I- 235

Me

I-1 II- 235 A 3.78 633 I- 236

Me

I-1 II- 236 A 3.95 604 I- 237

Me

I-1 II- 237 A 4.02 619 I- 238

Me

I-1 II- 238 A 3.65 624 I- 239

Me

I-1 II-239 A 5.43 673 I- 240

Me

I-1 II- 240 A 3.1 569 I- 241

Me

I-1 II-241 A 4.27 638 I- 242

Me

I-1 II- 242 A 3.42 576 I- 243

Me

I-1 II- 243 A 5.05 625

TABLE XIV-23 Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

Syn. Int meth- od RT Mass I- 244

Me

I-1 II- 244 A 3.28 575 I- 245

Me

I-1 II- 245 A 4.87 624 I- 246

H

I-1 II- 246 A 4.93 590 I- 247

H

I-1 II- 247 A 4 612 I- 248

H

I-1 II- 248 A 4.85 590 I- 249

H

I-1 II- 249 A 3.82 612 I- 250

H

I-1 II- 250 A 5.1 603 I- 251

H

I-1 II- 251 A 4.38 625 I- 252

H

I-1 II- 252 A 4.47 625 I- 253

H

I-1 II- 253 A 4.73 598

TABLE XIV-24 Ex- am- ple No. R1 R2 R3

Syn. Int meth- od RT Mass I- 254

H

I-1 II- 254 A 5.02 586 I- 255

H

I-1 II- 255 A 4.68 587 I- 256

H

I-1 II- 255 A 4.63 587 I- 257

H

I-1 II- 256 A 4.8 567 I- 258

H

I-1 II- 257 A 2.98 554 I- 259

H

I-1 II- 258 A 3.67 554 I- 260

H

I-1 II- 259 A 4.75 589 I- 261

H

I-1 II- 260 A 4.78 589 I- 262

H

I-1 II- 261 A 3.93 599

TABLE XIV-25       Ex- am- ple No.             R1             R2            R3

I- 263

H

I- 264

H

I- 265

H

I- 266

H

I- 267

H

I- 268

H

I- 269

H

I- 270

H

I- 271

H

I- 272

H

              Example No.

              Syn.               Int               method              RT               Mass I-263

I-1 II-262 A 5.93 668 I-264

I-1 II-263 A 6.15 683 I-265

I-1 II-264 A 5.85 684 I-266

I-1 II-265 A 5.05 705 I-267

I-1 II-266 A 6.59 723 I-268

I-2 II-267 A 4.92 578 I-269

I-2 II-268 A 5.17 593 I-270

I-2 II-269 A 3.64 594 I-271

I-2 II-270 A 3.87 615 I-272

I-2 II-271 A 7.05 633

1. A compound having the following general formula (I):

wherein

is single bond or double bond; A is —CHR⁷—, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl oroptionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, and R⁸is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl; B is void or optionallysubstituted monocyclic ring formed together with G and Y; D is void oroptionally substituted spiro ring formed together with Y; with theproviso that B and D are not both present, when B is present, then G andY are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom, when D is present,then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, when bothB and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different and each is—NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, wherein each R⁶ is independentlyhydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl oroptionally substituted heteroarylalkyl; R¹ is optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substitutedheteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is—(CO)— or —(SO₂)—, W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substitutedlower alkylene, Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and R²⁰is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and R³ is hydrogen, optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound of claim1, wherein

is single bond or double bond; A is —CHR⁷—, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl oroptionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, and R⁸is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl; B is void or optionallysubstituted monocyclic ring formed together with G and Y; D is void oroptionally substituted spiro ring formed together with Y; with theproviso that B and D are not both present, when B is present, then G andY are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom, when D is present,then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, and whenboth B and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different and eachis —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, wherein each R⁶ is independentlyhydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl oroptionally substituted heteroarylalkyl; R¹ is optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substitutedheteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is—(CO)— or —(SO₂)—, W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substitutedlower alkylene, Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and R²⁰is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and R³ is hydrogen or optionallysubstituted alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1, which has the followinggeneral formula

wherein

is single bond or double bond; A is —(CHR⁷)—; wherein R⁷ is hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl oroptionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, B isoptionally substituted monocyclic ring; G is carbon atom or nitrogenatom; R¹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substitutedarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substitutedheterocycloalkylalkyl; R² is W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is —(CO)— or—(SO₂)—, W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substituted loweralkylene, Rb is bond or optionally substituted lower alkylene, and R²⁰is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and R³ is hydrogen, optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;with the proviso that when B is benzene, and R² is W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰,wherein W²¹ is —(CO)—, W²² is —NH—, and Rb is bond, then R²⁰ should notbe optionally substituted phenyl.
 4. The compound of any of claim 1,wherein D is void; and B is optionally substituted 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or7-membered saturated or unsaturated mono cyclic ring formed togetherwith G and Y.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein D is void; and B isoptionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7 membered saturated or unsaturatedheterocyclic ring formed together with G and Y and the hetero atom isselected from S, N and O and the number of hetero atoms is an integer of1-3.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein both B and D are void; and atleast one of G and Y is —NR^(6′)—, —CHR^(6′)— or —C(R^(6′))₂—, whereineach R^(6′) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted cyclic ornoncyclic lower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl.
 7. The compound of any of claim 1, whereinD is void; and B is selected from optionally substituted cyclopropane,optionally substituted cyclobutane, optionally substituted cyclopentane,optionally substituted cyclohexane, optionally substituted cycloheptane,optionally substituted pyrrolidine, optionally substituted pyrazole,optionally substituted cyclopropene, optionally substituted cyclobutene,optionally substituted cyclopentene, optionally substituted cyclohexene,optionally substituted cycloheptene, optionally substitutedcyclopentadiene, optionally substituted dihydro-pyrrole, optionallysubstituted pyrrole, optionally substituted dihydro-pyrazole, optionallysubstituted imidazole, optionally substituted thiophene, optionallysubstituted thiazole, optionally substituted isothiazole, optionallysubstituted thiadiazole, optionally substituted furan, optionallysubstituted oxazole, optionally substituted isoxazole, optionallysubstituted oxadiazole, optionally substituted benzene, optionallysubstituted pyridine, optionally substituted pyridazine, optionallysubstituted pyrimidine, optionally substituted pyrazine and optionallysubstituted triazine each of which is formed together with G and Y. 8.The compound of claim 1, wherein D is void; and B is present and isoptionally substituted by one or more of the chemical moieties selectedfrom the group consisting of —R⁹, —OR⁹, —COR⁹, —COOR⁹, —OCOR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴,—NR⁹R⁴, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R⁴, —SO₃R⁹, —NHC(NHR⁹)NR⁴, and halogen,wherein R⁹ and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen atom,optionally substituted cyclic or noncyclic alkyl, optionally substitutedaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substitutedarylalkyl and optionally substituted hetroarylalkyl.
 9. The compound ofany of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰, wherein Ra is optionallysubstituted lower alkylene and R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl oroptionally substituted heteroaryl.
 10. The compound of claim 9, whereinR¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted methyl, optionally substitutedethyl, optionally substituted propyl, optionally substituted isopropyl,optionally substituted isobutyl, optionally substituted cyclohexyl,optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted phenyl,optionally substituted benzhydryl, optionally substituted pyridyl,optionally substituted pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl,optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl,optionally substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl,optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substitutedtetrahydronaphthyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionallysubstituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl,optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted cinnolinyl,optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally substitutedbenzotriazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionallysubstituted pyridopyrazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl,optionally substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substitutedbenzothienyl, optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substitutedindazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substitutedbenzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionallysubstituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl,optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substitutedpyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl, optionallysubstituted thiazolopyridinyl or optionally substitutedimidazopyridinyl.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein D is void; and Bis optionally substituted 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7 membered saturated orunsaturated heterocyclic ring formed together with G and Y.
 12. Thecompound of claim 10, wherein D is void; and B is optionally substituted5- or 6-membered saturated or unsaturated monocyclic ring, when B isheterocyclic ring, the hetero atom is selected from S, N and O and thenumber of hetero atoms is an integer of 1-3.
 13. The compound of claim10, wherein D is void.
 14. The compound of claim 9, wherein R³ ishydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl group.
 15. The compound of claim 9, wherein D isvoid; and B is present and optionally substituted by one or more of thechemical moieties selected from the group consisting of —R⁹, —OR⁹,—COR⁹, —COOR⁹, —OCOR⁹, —CONR⁹R⁴, —NR⁹R⁴, —SR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R⁴,—SO₃R⁹, —NHC(NHR⁹)NR⁴ and halogen, wherein R⁹ and R⁴ are independentlyselected from hydrogen atom, optionally substituted cyclic or noncycliclower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl and optionally substitutedhetroarylalkyl.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is—W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is —(CO)— or —(SO₂)—, W²² is bond, —O—,—NH— or optionally substituted lower alkylene, Rb is bond or optionallysubstituted lower alkylene, and R²⁰ is optionally substituted alkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl oroptionally substituted heteroaryl.
 17. The compound of claim 16, whereinR²⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted methyl, optionally substitutedethyl, optionally substituted propyl, optionally substituted isopropyl,optionally substituted isobutyl, optionally substituted cyclohexyl,optionally substituted benzhydryl, optionally substituted biphenyl,optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted pyridyl,optionally substituted pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl,optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl,optionally substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl,optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substitutedtetrahydronaphthyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionallysubstituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl,optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted cinnolinyl,optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally substitutedbenzotriazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionallysubstituted pyridopyrazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl,optionally substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substitutedbenzothienyl, optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substitutedindazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substitutedbenzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionallysubstituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl,optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substitutedpyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl, optionallysubstituted thiazolopyridinyl, optionally substituted benzodioxolyl oroptionally substituted imidazopyridinyl.
 18. The compound of claim 16,wherein D is void; and B is optionally substituted 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7membered saturated or unsaturated hetero cyclic ring formed togetherwith G and Y.
 19. The compound of claim 16, wherein D is void.
 20. Thecompound of claim 16, wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl group. 21.The compound of claim 20, wherein R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰, wherein Ra isoptionally substituted lower alkylene; and R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionallysubstituted methyl, optionally substituted ethyl, optionally substitutedpropyl, optionally substituted isopropyl, optionally substitutedisobutyl, optionally substituted cyclohexyl, optionally substitutedbiphenyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substitutedbenzhydryl, optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally substitutedpyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl, optionally substitutedpyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl, optionally substitutedpyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl, optionally substitutedfuranyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally substitutedoxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally substitutednaphthyl, optionally substituted tetrahydronaphthyl, optionallysubstituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, optionallysubstituted quinazolinyl, optionally substituted quinoxalinyl,optionally substituted cinnolinyl, optionally substitutednaphthyridinyl, optionally substituted benzotriazinyl, optionallysubstituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrazinyl,optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl, optionally substitutedpyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl, optionally substitutedbenzofuranyl, optionally substituted benzothienyl, optionallysubstituted indolyl, optionally substituted indazolyl, optionallysubstituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl,optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionally substitutedbenzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl, optionallysubstituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substituted pyrrolopyridinyl,optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl, optionally substitutedthiazolopyridinyl or optionally substituted imidazopyridinyl.
 22. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein E is —CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—, wherein R⁵ islower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl or lower arylalkyl; and R⁸ ishydrogen or alkyl.
 23. The compound of claim 22, D is void; and B isoptionally substituted 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7 membered saturated orunsaturated heterocyclic ring formed together with G and Y.
 24. Thecompound of claim 22, wherein D is void.
 25. The compound of claim 22,wherein D is void; B is optionally substituted 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring formed together withG and Y, and R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl group.
 26. The compound ofclaim 22, wherein D is void; and R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl group. 27.The compound of claim 22, wherein D is void; B is optionally substituted3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ringformed together with G and Y, R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl group, and R¹is —Ra—R¹⁰, wherein Ra is optionally substituted lower alkylene, and R¹⁰is hydrogen, optionally substituted methyl, optionally substitutedethyl, optionally substituted propyl, optionally substituted isopropyl,optionally substituted isobutyl, optionally substituted cyclohexyl,optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted phenyl,optionally substituted benzhydryl, optionally substituted pyridyl,optionally substituted pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl,optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl,optionally substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl,optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substitutedtetrahydronaphthyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionallysubstituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl,optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted cinnolinyl,optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally substitutedbenzotriazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionallysubstituted pyridopyrazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl,optionally substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substitutedbenzothienyl, optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substitutedindazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substitutedbenzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionallysubstituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl,optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substitutedpyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl, optionallysubstituted thiazolopyridinyl or optionally substitutedimidazopyridinyl.
 28. The compound of claim 22, wherein D is void, R³ ishydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl group, and R¹ is —Ra—R¹⁰, wherein Ra isoptionally substituted lower alkylene, and R¹⁰ is hydrogen, optionallysubstituted methyl, optionally substituted ethyl, optionally substitutedpropyl, optionally substituted isopropyl, optionally substitutedisobutyl, optionally substituted cyclohexyl, optionally substitutedbiphenyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substitutedbenzhydryl, optionally substituted pyridyl, optionally substitutedpyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl, optionally substitutedpyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl, optionally substitutedpyrrolyl, optionally substituted thienyl, optionally substitutedfuranyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally substitutedoxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally substitutednaphthyl, optionally substituted tetrahydronaphthyl, optionallysubstituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, optionallysubstituted quinazolinyl, optionally substituted quinoxalinyl,optionally substituted cinnolinyl, optionally substitutednaphthyridinyl, optionally substituted benzotriazinyl, optionallysubstituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrazinyl,optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl, optionally substitutedpyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl, optionally substitutedbenzofuranyl, optionally substituted benzothienyl, optionallysubstituted indolyl, optionally substituted indazolyl, optionallysubstituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl,optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionally substitutedbenzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl, optionallysubstituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substituted pyrrolopyridinyl,optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl, optionally substitutedthiazolopyridinyl or optionally substituted imidazopyridinyl.
 29. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein B is void, D is optionally substitutedcycloalkane.
 30. The compound of claim 29, Wherein B is void, D isoptionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkane.
 31. The compound of claim 21,wherein R⁷ of A is -Rc-R⁷⁰ wherein Rc is optionally substituted loweralkylene, and R⁷⁰ is hydrogen, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heteroaryl.
 32. The compound of claim 31, wherein R⁷⁰ ishydrogen, optionally substituted methyl, optionally substituted ethyl,optionally substituted propyl, optionally substituted isopropyl,optionally substituted isobutyl, optionally substituted biphenyl,optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted pyridyl,optionally substituted pyrimidyl, optionally substituted pyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyrazinyl, optionally substituted triazinyl,optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thiophenyl,optionally substituted furanyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl,optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substitutedtetrahydronaphthyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionallysubstituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted quinazolinyl,optionally substituted quinoxalinyl, optionally substituted cinnolinyl,optionally substituted naphthyridinyl, optionally substitutedbenzotriazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyrimidinyl, optionallysubstituted pyridopyrazinyl, optionally substituted pyridopyridazinyl,optionally substituted pyridotriazinyl, optionally substituted indenyl,optionally substituted benzofuranyl, optionally substitutedbenzothienyl, optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substitutedindazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substitutedbenzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, optionallysubstituted benzothiadiazolyl, optionally substituted furopyridinyl,optionally substituted thienopyridinyl, optionally substitutedpyrrolopyridinyl, optionally substituted oxazolopyridinyl, optionallysubstituted thiazolopyridinyl or optionally substitutedimidazopyridinyl.
 33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compoundaccording to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, andoptionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 34. Apharmaceutical composition of claim 33, wherein the compositioncomprises an effective amount of the compound.
 35. A method of treatingor preventing cancer comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, or a composition according to claim 33, in an amounteffective to treat or prevent the cancer.
 36. A method of treating orpreventing fibrosis comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, or a composition according to claim 33, in an amounteffective to treat or prevent the fibrosis.
 37. A method of treating orpreventing a disease or condition selected from the group consisting ofcancer, fibrosis, restenosis associated with angioplasty, polycystickidney disease, aberrant angiogenesis disease, tuberous sclerosiscomplex (TSC), KSHV-associated tumor, hair loss, and Alzhemier'sdisease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof acompound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or a composition according to claim 33, in an amount effectiveto treat or prevent said disease or condition.
 38. An agent for treatingor preventing cancer comprising a compound according to claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 39. An agent for treating orpreventing fibrosis comprising a compound according to claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 40. An agent for treating orpreventing a disease or condition selected from the group consisting ofcancer, fibrosis, restenosis associated with angioplasty, polycystickidney disease, aberrant angiogenesis disease, tuberous sclerosiscomplex (TSC), KSHV-associated tumor, hair loss, and Alzhemier's diseasecomprising a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.
 41. (canceled)
 42. (canceled)
 43. (canceled)44. (canceled)
 45. (canceled)
 46. (canceled)
 47. A compound having thefollowing general formula (II):

wherein

is single bond or double bond; A is —CHR⁷—, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl oroptionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; E is CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, and R⁸is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl; B is void or optionallysubstituted monocyclic ring formed together with G and Y; D is void oroptionally substituted spiro ring formed together with Y; with theproviso that B and D are not both present, when B is present, then G andY are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom, when D is present,then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, when bothB and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different and each is—NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, wherein each R⁶ is independentlyhydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl oroptionally substituted heteroarylalkyl; R¹ is optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substitutedheteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is—(CO)— or —(SO₂)—, W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substitutedlower alkylene, Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and R²⁰is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R³ is hydrogen, optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;R⁹¹ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker and solidsupport; and R⁹² is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linkerand solid support; or a salt thereof.
 48. A process for preparing acompound having the following general formula (I):

wherein

is single bond or double bond; A is —CHR⁷—, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl oroptionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; E is CHR⁵—, —O— or —NR⁸—,wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, and R⁸is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl; B is void or optionallysubstituted monocyclic ring formed together with G and Y; D is void oroptionally substituted spiro ring formed together with Y; with theproviso that B and D are not both present, when B is present, then G andY are independently carbon atom or nitrogen atom, when D is present,then Y is carbon atom and G is —NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, when bothB and D are void, then G and Y are the same or different and each is—NR⁶—, —O—, —CHR⁶— or —C(R⁶)₂—, wherein each R⁶ is independentlyhydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl oroptionally substituted heteroarylalkyl; R¹ is optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substitutedheteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkylalkyl; R² is —W²¹—W²²—Rb—R²⁰, wherein W²¹ is—(CO)— or —(SO₂)—, W²² is bond, —O—, —NH— or optionally substitutedlower alkylene, Rb is bond or optionally substituted alkylene, and R²⁰is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and R³ is hydrogen, optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl;or a salt thereof, which comprises reacting a compound having thefollowing general formula (II):

wherein R⁹¹ is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linker andsolid support; R⁹² is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, linkerand solid support; and the other symbols are as defined above, or a saltthereof, with an acid.